norton's theorem experiment procedure

PROCEDURE: • Connections are made as per the circuit diagram . What is Norton's Theorem - The Engineering Projects Experiment No. Verification of Reciprocity Theorem. (1) can be replaced by a current source of current output I s . PDF Electrical Circuits Lab Manual II Sem The simplified circuit is known as the Norton Equivalent Circuit. Find V TH, R TH and the load current I L flowing through and load voltage across the load resistor in the circuit below using Thevenin's Theorem.. LIST OF EXPERIMENTS 1. Circuit diagram: Circuit used to study DC Norton's theorem is shown in Figure on NV6509A Kit. S.No. 1. lab report thevenin and norton equivalent circuits ee316 experiment lab report connor chandler, tcc0011 experiment performed on february 2019 report submitted Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram by using MATLAB Simulink. PDF ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY LAB - brcmcet.edu.in PDF Circuits Laboratory Experiment 1 Let us consider the circuit in Figure 29. Read the current from ammeter (I) and get. Sequence of Experiments: Verification of Ohm's laws and Kirchhoff's Current Law using Mesh analysis. Supervisor: 3 Fig.1(c) The equivalent circuit according to the Thevenin Theorem 4. is now connected back across terminals A and B from whree it was temporally removed earlier. More formally, Norton's theorem can be stated as . Norton's Theorem (also known as the Mayer-Norton theorem) states that it is possible to simplify any linear circuit to an equivalent circuit with a single current source and equivalent parallel resistance connected to a load. Steps to follow for Norton's Theorem: Find the Norton source current by removing the load resistor from the original circuit and calculating the current through a short (wire) jumping across the . 18.2 SUPERPOSITION THEOREM 6. [by current divider rule] To determine the equivalent resistance of the circuit of figure 1, looking through x-y, the constant source is deactivated as shown in figure 3 (a). Figure 1. Complex circuits could be analyzed using Ohm's Law and Kirchhoff's Law directly but the calculations would be tedious. meter Theory let ''ab'' be two terminals coming out of any network composed of generators and resistances, as indicated by the box in Fig. Verification of Reciprocity theorem. R i n t = V I. 1.11 PROCEDURE: 1. The simplified circuit is known as the Norton Equivalent Circuit. Thevenin's Theorem Solved Example. 1. EXPERIMENT NO 3 AIM: TO VERIFY NORTON'S THEOREM. : Lab. DC circuit training system 2. Digital A.V.O. Question: Experiment No. This current is Norton's current (IN). S.No Date Name of the Experiments Signature Remarks 1 Verification of Ohm's laws and Kirchhoff's laws 2 Verification of Thevenin's and Norton's Theorem 3 Verification of Superposition Theorem 4 Verification of Maximum power transfer theorem 5 Verification of Reciprocity theorem 6 Measurement of Self-inductance of a coil. In this electrical practical, we will verify this theorem. Experiment 3 Thevenin's & Norton's Theorem and Maximum Power Transfer Aims: To applied Thevenin's and Norton's theorems in finding the current flowing in a particular resistor (variable load) in a particular network. Another means to analyse this circuit uses an alternative "Black Box" technique known as Norton's Theorem. The substitution and reciproc-ity theorems and Millman's theorem are not discussed in detail here because a review of Chapter 9 will enable you to apply them to sinusoidal ac networks with little difficulty. Study and verification of the DC Norton's theorem. Norton's Theorem is a way to reduce a network to an equivalent circuit composed of a single current source, parallel resistance, and parallel load. Determine the current through the load resistance in the original circuit using an ammeter. Norton's theorems, and the maximum power transfer theorem. Step 3: After this connect the points of the output and measure the short-circuit current. 3. Observe the result of load current. It's evident that the main use of these theorems is as a replacement of a part of a circuit to simplify the network and get rid of the part of the network which is not useful. 1 . Steps to follow for Norton's Theorem: (1) Find the Norton source current by removing the load resistor from the original circuit and 3. THEORY: Norton's theorem replaces the electrical network by an equivalent constant current source and a parallel resistance. Set of wires. Step 3: After this connect the points of the output and measure the short-circuit current. G g (1), where I sc is the short-circuit current that flows from the network when terminals a, b are ''shorted'' together. The problem is simplified by using Thevenin's theorem . As the V-Lab is designed on a web platform there is resource sharing, which is otherwise available to only a limited number of users due to constraints on time. In electronics and electrical engineering, many network theorems are used to solve complex and multi-loop circuits. 2) To show that the maximum power transfer occur when the load resistance is equal to the equivalent resistance. Solution: Step 1: Remove the 5 kΩ from the circuit. Research how Thevenin voltage and Norton current can be determined in a circuit. Validate Thevenin's theorem through. Steps for Norton Theorem. Demo of DC/AC machines & Parts 6. They are classified into various types such as Thevenin's theorem, Superposition theorem, Norton's theorem, maximum power transfer theorem, Millman's theorem, Substitution theorem, and reciprocity theorem. Steps for Norton Theorem. 3. Load test on single phase transformer 5. To experimentally verify the Thevenin and Norton Theorems. In network analysis, many times it is necessary to determine the branch current through a specific branch. Case 1: Select switch of S 1 to Power and S 2 to Load and Simulate the program from Case 1 tab. The current source being the short-circuited current across the load terminal and the resistance being the internal . Here, Norton's equivalent circuit has been shown in figure 3 (b). Easy Step by Step Procedure with Example (Pictorial Views) This is another useful theorem to analyze electric circuits like Thevenin's Theorem, which reduces linear, active circuits and complex networks into a simple equivalent circuit. theorem, but it can be calculated using Ohm's Law. Solution: Let us first short the terminals x-y (figure 2). PROCEDURE Maximum power and Norton's Theorem will be performed to solve the unknowns within the given circuit. A French engineer, M.L Thevenin, made one of these quantum leaps in 1893.Thevenin's Theorem (also known as Helmholtz-Thévenin Theorem) is not by itself an analysis tool, but the basis for a very useful method of simplifying active circuits and complex networks.This theorem is useful to quickly and easily solve complex linear circuits and . NORTON THEOREM: Norton's Theorem is a way to reduce a network to an equivalent circuit composed of a single current source, parallel resistance, and parallel load. Transient analysis of RL an RC series circuits 4. As the V-Lab is designed on a web platform there is resource sharing, which is otherwise available to only a limited number of users due to constraints on time. Each experiment will have an objective, methods and procedure with screenshots and results. DC Power supply 4. 3. Thévenin's and Norton's equivalent circuits for a Linear Circuit Procedure for Finding the . Test Circuit for Part 1of the Experiment. OBJECTIVES. Do Check Out - Superposition Theorem Practical of verification of Thévenin's Theorem Verification of Thevenin's and Norton's Theorem ; Verification of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem. 2.) Objective: - To verify Thevenin's theorem for dc circuit. Theory: - "Any linear two terminal network can be replaced by an equivalent network consisting of a voltage source (V Th) in series with a resistance (R Th 1.2.5 THEVININ RESISTANCE: Verify the equivalence of Thevenin and Norton by measuring the results of two circuits that are said to be equivalent. Make an electric network using specific resistors and voltage sources. Step 2: Measure the interior resistance of the source system by turn off the supplies in the circuitry. Experiment No.10 Thevenin's Theorem Aim of experiment: To investigate Thevenin's theorem practically. Step 4: The resultant circuitry of Norton can be made by putting interior resistor in . 2. 7. Step 1: To apply the Norton theorem first eliminate the load resistor of the circuitry. Measurement of Self inductance of a coil. The theorem can be applied to both A.C and D.C cases. In this article we will discuss four important network theorems a. Thevenin's theorem b. Norton's theorem c. Reciprocity theorem Analyze Procedure: 1.Find the Norton current I No. Norton's Theorem states that - A linear active network consisting of the independent or dependent voltage source and current sources and the various circuit elements can be substituted by an equivalent circuit consisting of a current source in parallel with a resistance. Thévenin's Voltage Source Thévenin's Resistance Vout Norton Current Source Thévenin's Resistance Vout = Figure 1. 3. Verification of Maximum power transfer theorem. Step 2: Measure the interior resistance of the source system by turn off the supplies in the circuitry. 2.4.3 Norton Circuit. Supervisor: 1 Experiment No.8 Object To prove Norton's theorem practically. Thevenin's and Norton's Theorem and the Principle of Superposition Purpose: . Date of Experiment Name of the Experiment Date of submission Marks Staff Sign 1 Verification of Kirchhoff's laws 2 Verification of Superposition 3 Verification of Thevenin's and Norton's Theorem 4 Verification of Maximum Power Transfer theorem 5 Verification of Reciprocity theorem 6 Digital simulation of RL transient The statement of Norton's theorem is as follows, Norton's theorem is summarized graphically in Fig. 5. Norton's theorem states that a network consists of several voltage sources, current sources and resistors with two terminals, is electrically equivalent to an ideal current source " I NO " and a single parallel resistor, R NO. 4. [Fig 4: Norton equivalent circuit] Verification of Thevenin's and Norton's Theorem. Norton's Theorem states that: Any linear electric network or complex circuit with current and voltage sources can be replaced by an equivalent circuit containing a single independent current source IN and a parallel resistance RN. Verification of Ohm's laws and Kirchhoff's laws. How to use both Maximum Power and Norton's Theorem properly, are to be explained in order to solve a circuit using these approaches. LIST OF EXPERIMENTS 1. Verification of Thevenin's Theorem. NV6509A Kit. 2. Norton's Theorem is a network reduction electrical network analysis technique which can be used to analyse the current through a branch in complex network of linear electronic components. Virtual Lab (V-Lab) is a complete web based Learning Management System, where the students can avail simulators of various experiments, related learning materials. This report presents a measurement of the Thevenin resistance and This report summarizes the laboratory verification of Thevenin's theorem as applied. Norton's Theorem is a very well-covered subject in many books, and so it is perfectly reasonable to expect students will do this research on their own and come back to class with a complete answer. Construct the Figure 4.1 on PSpice program.Follow the experiment steps (from 1 to 10) on PSpice and note the observed results to your pre-lab report which will be . Norton's theorem can be thought as an alternative of Thévenin's theorem in the sense that the Thévenin's theorem reduces a complex network into a voltage source and a series resistance ; and the . [by current divider rule] To determine the equivalent resistance of the circuit of figure 1, looking through x-y, the constant source is deactivated as shown in figure 3 (a). NORTON'S THEOREM. (1). This lab report will help you have a basic understanding of Thevenin's & Norton's Theorem and Maximum power transfer, the topics of this week's focus. Lab 4. meter Theory let ''ab'' be two terminals coming out of any network composed of generators and resistances, as indicated by the box in Fig. IN THE EXAMPLE BELOW, THE RESISTANCE R2 DOES NOT AFFECT THIS VOLTAGE AND THE RESISTANCES R1 AND R3 FROM THE VOLTAGE DIVIDER. Apparatus 1. Set of wires. APPARATUS: DC NETWORK KIT ,CONNECTING LEADS. 3. Verification of Superposition Theorem. Measure the voltages and currents in each resistor. Step by step procedure to solve Norton's theorem for DC Circuits Identify the element for which the response is to be found. To experimentally verify the Maximum Power Transfer Theorem for resistive circuits Pre-Lab Assignment: For the circuit shown Figure 1: 1. Update 2: To verify the validity of my arguments above, I found a formal proof of Thevenin's theorem in one of my undergrad textbooks: "Fundamentals of Circuits, Electronics, and Signal Analysis" by Kendall L. Su.I'll excerpt and paraphrase this proof found in the appendix A.1 on page 568 6. LABORATORY MANUAL EXPERIMENT NO: GEC- LM-ES-103LA-03 REV DATE 10-1-2020 REV NO: 003 BEE ISSUE NO : 001 ISSUE DATE 19-07-2016 LABORATORY: DEPARTMENT: ECE SEMESTER: 1st Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner 6. Research the intended purpose of Thevenin's and Norton's theorems. Verify the KVL and KCL. Norton's theorem especially useful in the study of parallel circuits. 6 THEVENIN / NORTON Theorems and Maximum Power Transfer Objective: 1. (the same as Thevenin's Theorem) Equipments required: 1. 2. Here, primarily remove the load (consider resistor R2=2 Ohms as load in the circuit) as shown in the above figure. Step 4: The resultant circuitry of Norton can be made by putting interior resistor in . PRELIMINARY WORK 2. List of Experiments Page No. Here, Is.c is the current through 5Ω resistor. Experiment no. The network theorem is used in the analysis of AC networks. Calculate the output current, I AB, with a short circuit as the load (meaning 0 resistance between A and B). NORTON THEOREM: Norton's Theorem is a way to reduce a network to an equivalent circuit composed of a single current source, parallel resistance, and parallel load. Types of wiring (fluorescent lamp wiring, staircase . These goals should be kept in mind as students work through the laboratory procedure. Constructing constant current sources is beyond the scope of this course. Become aware of an experimental procedure to determine vTh and RTh. 15 . 9 Verification of Norton's theorem using hard ware and digital simulation 34 10 . The follow-up question is very important, because some circuits (especially transistor amplifier circuits) contain both types of sources. 2.Find the Norton resistance R No. list of experiments s.no experiment title page no 1. verification of thevenin's and norton's theorems 3 2. superposition theorem and reciprocity theorem 6 3. verification of maximum power transfer theorem 11 4. swinburne's test on dc shunt motor 13 5. magnetization characteristics or open circuit characteristics of a dc shunt generator Digital A.V.O. Step 3 − Find the Norton's current IN by shorting the two opened terminals of the above circuit. Norton's equivalent resistance R N=R 1*R 2/R 1+R 2 Actual load current in the circuit I L1 Theoretical load current I L2 . Theory Norton's theorem states the following: "Any two terminal linear D.C network can be replaced by any equivalent circuit consisting of a constant current source ( ) and a parallel resistance ( ), as shown in Fig.1(a). Using the Norton's equivalent circuit, compute the value of Vab with the 8.2 kΩ resistor attached to points a-b. In such type of problem, solving total set of loop equations to find particular branch current is time consuming in case of complicated networks. There are two methods of determining the Norton impedance R No. Apparatus Used: - Network kit, Bread board, resistances & connecting wires. Apparatus 1. As shown in Fig.2, the current flowing through is given by: Fig.2 The equivalent Thevenin circuit with Procedure I 2. Step 2 − Find the open circuit voltage VOC across the open terminals of the above circuit. To determine Change in Loa d Voltage: To predi ct range of loa d. voltage variati . The process for analyzing a DC circuit using Thevenin's Theorem requires the following steps: Find the Thevenin Resistance by removing all voltage sources and load resistor. . Using the same circuit [3], we can analyse it using Norton's Theorem, and Norton's Equivalents [4]. Let's take a look at an example circuit and calculate the current flowing through a load resistor between two terminals. LIST OF EXPERIMENTS 1. EXPERIMENT TITLE: To verify Norton's theorem. Here, Norton's equivalent circuit has been shown in figure 3 (b). Now compute the load current ( I L) applying Norton theorem. Experimental verification of Kirchhoff's voltage and current laws 2.Experimental verification of network theorems (Thevenin, Norton, Superposition and maximum power transfer Theorem). ii. Here, Is.c is the current through 5Ω resistor. Verification of All Theorems (Thevenin's theorem, Norton's theorem, Maximum power transfer theorem) 3. Virtual Lab (V-Lab) is a complete web based Learning Management System, where the students can avail simulators of various experiments, related learning materials. To verify the theorems by comparing the simulated values to those obtained by measurement. Step 1 − Consider the circuit diagram by opening the terminals with respect to which the Norton's equivalent circuit is to be found. (1). Apply V=110 V at the output terminals by closing s 2 to "dd". Determine the equivalent norton current I NO, Norton resistance R NO Steps to find Norton eqivalent resistance RNO and Current INO Following this verification an experimental method will be introduced to determine Vth and Rth and within this show that the maximum power transfer occurs when Rl = Rth. Procedure: 1. Verification of Kirchhoff's Voltage Law using Nodal analysis. Case 2: a)Norton Short circuit current analysis: Apply switch S 1 to power and S 2 to Short and Simulate the program and read Norton short circuit current ( I s c) from Case 2 (a) tab. 2. Thévenin's and Norton's Theorems The application of either Thévenin's or Norton's theorem allows the reduction of a complex two-terminal circuit into a simple equivalent circuit that has the same output characteristics as the original circuit; i.e., a black box.