Farrakhan said during his remarks. [3] [4] [5] He is the Student Minister at Mosque Maryam, the headquarters of the Nation of Islam (NOI). ''The people gave and gave until it hurt,'' he said. Fard disappeared, as mysteriously as he had arrived, in the summer of In an earlier trial on the issue that ended in 1982, Budzinski ruled in favor of the children, a decision reversed on appeal in 1984. She was the first one that I witnessed academically that demonstrated the universality of our Islam. He spent his entire adult life building the Black Muslim community. Budzinski said the ledgers were important in establishing that the donations from Nation of Islam followers were intended as personal gifts to their leader. Following this, he convinced his entire family to follow the path of Islam. But after the first trial ended in 1982, Emanuel Muhammad, another son and administrator of the estate, found several ledgers indicating that detailed records of donations had been kept. My dad was everything. She used the doctrine of legal. Malcolm X publicly accused Elijah of "having 8 children with six different teenage girls" who "were his private secretaries. Muhammad's goal was, according to the Nation of Islam website, 'to teach the . .css-m6thd4{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:block;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-family:Gilroy,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.2;font-weight:bold;color:#323232;text-transform:capitalize;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-m6thd4:hover{color:link-hover;}}Susan B. Anthony, How the Greensboro Four Began the Sit-In Movement, Biography: You Need to Know: Bayard Rustin, Biography: You Need to Know: Sylvia Rivera, Biography: You Need to Know: Dorothy Pittman Hughes. After her husband took over as the leader of the Nation of Islam, he was imprisoned for a decade for draft evasion in the 1940s. Evanzz, Karl. Fard, the founder and leader of the Temple of Islam, inspired by Elijahs enthusiasm, gave him the post of a minister and honored him with the title Karriem. His name was later changed to Muhammad and he was made the supreme minister. The Nation of Islam is estimated to have between 20,000 and 50,000 members,[22] and 130 mosques offering numerous social programs.[23]. "[36][37], Elijah's pro-separation views were compatible with those of some white supremacist organizations in the 1960s. In 1982, Budzinski awarded $4.6 million to the estate, which would be divided among Muhammad`s children. The second trial ordered by the appeals court, which began this spring, lasted more than three weeks and included 13 witnesses, 22 exhibits and all the evidence admitted in the first trial. Muhammad also taught that Delores Ali, was a cook for the Honorable Elijah Muhammad and was a friend of Mother Tynnetta. One particular Table Talk that stood out for her was, Queen of Civilization. In this talk, the Honorable Muhammad talked about how he wanted to make a woman that would go around the world with a committee of women and make friends for the Black man and woman and represent the civilization of the Nation of Islam. One group, the new Nation of Islam, headed by controversial leader Louis Farrakhan, engaged in a power struggle during the late 1970s with Muhammad`s son, Wallace D. Muhammad, head of the Muslim Community of America, for leadership of the black Muslims. The Minister also thanked those who came to pay respects to Mother Tynnetta as he offered guidance, insight and words of comfort. He marveled at her dedication to the words of Allah through the Holy Quran, which she read faithfully every day, reading the book in its entireity every week. Of Elijah Muhammad's 21 children, he is the eldest son of his mother Tynnetta Muhammad. He was a mentor to Malcolm X, Louis Farrakhan, Muhammad Ali; and his son Warith Deen Mohammed . However, I was successful when I went door to door asking for work., Black Americans Have the Highest Mortality Rates But Lowest Levels of Life Insurance Clegg, Claude Andrew, III. had, indeed, argued that white people oppressed (forced down) all people appeared in Detroit in 1930, selling silk goods and telling his The family offered thanks and heartfelt gratitude to all who sent condolences. Last edited on 26 February 2023, at 20:34, 7 of Khaalis' family members were murdered, assassination of President John F. Kennedy, "The Creation of the Devil and the End of the White Man's Rule: The Theological Influence of the Nation of Islam on Early Black Theology", Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions, "Elijah Muhammad's Redeployment of Muammad: Racialist and Prophetic Interpretations of the Qurn", "Nation of Islam in America: A Nation of Beauty & Peace", "A Historical Look at the Honorable Elijah Muhammad", "Nation of Islam at a Crossroad as Leader Exits", "Black Muslims The Faces Belie the Aura of Menace", "The Lost Tapes: Malcolm X. Malcolm X's Explosive Comments About Elijah Muhammed", "George Lincoln Rockwell Meets Elijah Muhammad", "Defending the Indefensible, in Feathers and All", "19 Children of Muslim Leader Battle a Bank for $5.7 Million", "Court Gives Leader's Money to Black Muslims". Born: 7-Oct-1897 Birthplace: Sandersville, GA Died: 25-Feb-1975 Location of death: Chicago, IL Cause of death: Heart Failure Remains: Buried, Mount Glenwood Memory Gardens, Glenwood, IL Gender: Male Religion: Muslim Race or Ethnicity: Black Sexual orientation: Straight Occupation: Religion Nationality: United States Executive summary: Nation of Islam New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997. He left home at age sixteen to 12 were accused of the crime. She married then-Elijah Poole in Georgia in 1917. During the years Elijah was in prison, Clara took over as an interim leader who carried Elijahs orders from prison to Nation ministers, Sapelo reported. The Nation of Islam, which had sent a message of condolence to the Kennedy family and ordered its ministers not to comment on the assassination, publicly censured their former shining star. [7], While he was in Detroit, Poole began taking part in various black nationalist movements within the city. Farrakhan asked the crowd. Universality meaning its connectedness to all of the spiritual traditions on earth, and thats a big part of my scholarship, said author Dr. Wesley Muhammad. travel and work at odd jobs. Between 1917 and 1939, Elijah and Clara Muhammad had eight children: six boys and two girls, including Warith Deen Muhammad . His other siblings also followed suit. He led hundreds, thousands, as captain of the Nation of Islam. Found guilty, Elijah Muhammad served four years, from 1942 to 1946, at the Federal Correctional Institution in Milan, Michigan. Members of Muhammad Mosque No. Your work, your legacy stands strong!. "It's better that I bear the grief and the mark instead of the child.". She represented to us, the standard of what a righteous woman is, her son Student Minister Ishmael R. Muhammad, National Assistant to Min. Muhammad, who renamed the movement the World Community of Al-Islam in Young, unmarried pregnant women sometimes gave birth in secret at maternity homes. No. Im evolving every day. Wallace Muhammad later changed his name as part of his own transition to Sunni Islam (or "orthodox Islam") and is now known as Imam Warith Deen Mohammed. ), Copyright, 2019 The Final Call, FCN Publishing, Activists charge environmental poisoning and silent homicide in San Francisco, President spews more incendiary rhetoric as election draws closer, Covid-19 and the divine chastisement of Florida. war fought between the AxisGermany, Japan, and Italyand After first discounting the rumors, MalcolmX came to believe them after he spoke with Elijah's son Wallace and with the women making the accusations. Elijah also fathered at least nine children from extra-marital relationships. [39] For more than ten years Elijah received major financial support from white supremacist Texas oil baron H. L. Hunt due to Elijah's belief in racial separation from whites. Ultimately the court ruled against them.[47][48][49]. Died: February 25, 1975 He eventually became first officer and then was appointed assistant Supreme Captain by the Honorable Elijah Muhammad to aid his brother-in-law, Supreme Captain RaymondSharrieff. however, was due to end soon; the time was at hand for black people to Still facing death threats, Elijah left his family there and traveled to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where he founded Temple No. "[42] At the 1962 Saviours' Day celebration in Chicago, Rockwell addressed Nation of Islam members. During the days of slavery, his father, William Poole Sr., worked in the cotton farms as a sharecropper. to Fard and who had changed his name along the way to Elijah Muhammad. Muhammad, who died of natural causes, did not leave a will. 1934), He then quickly rose to second officer, said Carlos Muhammad. The National Guard was deployed in Atlanta, what does this mean as shootings, violence plague other American cities? He was the sixth child of the family that. Elijah Muhammad rose from poverty to become the charismatic leader of the black nationalist group Nation of Islam, and mentor of Malcolm X and Louis Farrakhan. He said Muslim organizations or Muhammad`s relatives apparently spent the rest before the probate litigation began in 1979. Muhammad moved a group of followers to Chicago, where he established Temple of Islam No. [31] Over a series of national TV interviews between 1964 and 1965, MalcolmX provided testimony of his investigation, corroboration, and confirmation by Elijah Muhammed himself of multiple counts of child rape. Elijah, Jr. was the last surviving child of the Honorable Elijah Muhammad and Mother Clara Muhammad. By Katie Kindelan. She wrote about this in a 1967 Muhammad Speaks article. After first discounting the rumors, MalcolmX came to believe them after he spoke with Muhammad's son Wallace and with the girls making the accusations. Farrakhan when he stood up to rebuild the Nation of Islam in the late 1970s. Halasa, Malu. Poole converted and adopted the teachings of the Nation of Islam, and Fard gave him a new name, Elijah Muhammad. Sandersville, Georgia An intersection in Harlem will be named after Elijah Muhammad, the polemical Black separatist who led the Nation of Islam from 1934 until his death in 1975. This is only the vessel she traveled in., (Ashahed M. Muhammad contributed to this report from Detroit. Courtesy Tyra Muhammad. One of them was Malcolm X, one of the most notorious men of the 20th century. a University of Islam, and several apartment houses, grocery stores, After he was released on bail, Muhammad fled Washington D.C. on the advice of his attorney, who feared a lynching, and returned to Chicago after a seven-year absence. Other teachings, such as self-reliance, clean living and the promise of a future in which Black people would no longer be oppressed, had obvious appeal for Muhammad and other Black Muslims. African American religious leader. Over the next 30 years, Muhammad built the religion from a small fringe group into a large and complex organization that attracted controversy along with its new prominence. What she did in her years on this planet you must understand what her son said and what the (Holy) Quran said, we cant ever speak of her as dead. He and his first wife, Sylvia, had yet to have children. By the 1950s she had established the schools on a national scale. direction. Book 1 of 1: Mother of the Nation: Clara Evans Muhammad See all formats and editions Paperback $17.10 2 Used from $11.99 4 New from $17.10 Mother of the Nation offers the definitive biography of Clara Evans Muhammad, a Black woman who became the center of an unprecedented racial and religious transformation in the US. Slavery had just been abolished, but it was still tough for the former slaves to make a decent living. But I will never apologize for these characteristics, traits. [43], Elijah married Clara Muhammad in Georgia in 1917, with whom he had eight children. The Muhammad Speaks newspaper was the number one selling Black newspaper in America. She could be serious but most of the times she was just like a little girl. Thursday`s ruling brought an end to much of the litigation started seven years ago, when three of Muhammad`s illegitimate children filed suit to recover their father`s personal assets from the organization. Interest collected since that ruling increased the total to $5.7 million. [24], After the letters were sent, 7 of Khaalis' family members were murdered at the Hanafi Madh-Hab Center. [7] She is inspired to study the broad, universal spectrum of music, like Mother Tynnetta. 1, but only after battles with other potential leaders, including his brother. After the abolition of slavery, he became a Baptist preacher. MasterFILE Premier. Islam, but the movement also emphasized African American self-help and Nineteen children of Elijah Muhammad, the late Black Muslim leader, have squared off against the world's largest bank in a legal dispute with a $5.7 million bank account at stake. the founder of the Nation of Islam, a religious faith practiced by My uncle did so many things for me and my siblings. Academically, she was my inspiration. His influence at the Muhammad Speaks newspaper plant was really quite profound and extensive. black-operated businesses, institutions, and religion. Elijah's education ended at the fourth grade, after which he went to work in sawmills and brickyards. [35] Many people suspected that the Nation of Islam was responsible for the killing of Malcolm X. The citys residents looked out of their windows while others watched from the street marveling at the seemingly endless caravan of vehicles in the funeral procession led by a full city and state police escort detail regulating traffic. April: Malcolm flies to Phoenix with Elijah Muhammad's son Wallace to confront the Nation of Islam's leader. Farrakhan regained many of the Nation of Islam's original properties including the National Headquarters Mosque #2 (Mosque Maryam) and Muhammad University of Islam in Chicago. The Most Honorable Elijah Muhammad and Mother Tynnetta had four children, Madeeah Muhammad, Ishmael Muhammad, Rasul Muhammad and Ahmad Muhammad. The appeals court sent the case back to Budzinski for the purpose of gathering more evidence on who actually owned the assets that went into Muhammad`s bank accounts. Elijah Muhammad. Early years and life before Nation of Islam, Malcolm X's public response to the assassination of President Kennedy. Many in the audience booed and heckled him and his men, for which Elijah rebuked them in the April 1962 issue of Muhammad Speaks. Under his system The members were not allowed to drink or smoke, could not eat pork, and had to dress conservatively. An unwed mother arrives at a Salvation Army Maternity Home (photographer Ed Clark) During eras when sex outside of marriage was taboo, being single and pregnant was socially and morally unacceptable. his words and actions Muhammad spent four years, from 1942 to 1946, in a The account totaled $3.3 million when Muhammad died in 1975 and has accrued more than $2 million in interest. Thus, it became very difficult for the family to find respectable work. In a related ruling Thursday, Budzinski found that the bank rightfully turned over an estimated $150,000 from an economic development fund to the Muslim organization after Muhammad`s death. In the early 1920s, the entire Poole household moved to Michigan. mid-twentieth century. He was the captain, he was the sheriff. As a leader, Muhammad served as a mentor to many notable members, including Malcolm X, Muhammad Ali, Louis Farrakhan and his son Warith Deen Mohammed. Temple of Islam. He took us out and gave us so many experiences as young Muslims. [30], Rumors were circulating that Elijah was conducting extramarital affairs with young Nation secretarieswhich would constitute a serious violation of Nation teachings. leadership of his movement passed to his son, Wallace (now Warith) Deen She was personally responsible for bringing the Quran into the U.S. correctional institutions. He spent much of his time reading 104 books suggested by Wallace Fard at the Library of Congress. The movement's rise was boosted by Malcolm X, who began communicating with Muhammad while incarcerated and became his most prominent apostle in the 1950s. Turkish leader acknowledges shortcomings in quake response, Elevated Places: A Tribute to A Star of God. On July 4, 1964, news broke of the lawsuit, which aimed to have Muhammad listed as the children's biological father, compelling him to pay child support. Elijah Muhammad was portrayed by Al Freeman Jr. in Spike Lee's 1992 motion picture Malcolm X. Albert Hall, who played the composite character "Baines" in Malcolm X, later played Muhammad in Michael Mann's 2001 film, Ali. conventionally Islamic. In the early 1960s Muhammad came to be He discusses the Democratic Partys sneaky relationship with the police in cities and states under Dem control, and why Joe Biden is a cop and the Steve Jobs of mass incarceration. Elijah Muhammad died on February 25, 1975. He also read many books recommended to him by Fard. and restaurantsall owned by the movement. arrested on charges of violation of the draft laws. Are you prioritizing your cable entertainment bill over protecting and investing in your family? Other books attributed to him, like The God-Science of Black Power (2002), consisting of his speeches and lectures. He was full of life, knowledge, life lessons., She added, If you didnt know him, you wanted to know him, or of him. Copyright 2023 United Press International, Inc. All Rights Reserved. His responsibilities included protecting his father whenever he traveled throughout America or overseas and handling circulation of the Muhammad Speaks Newspaper. When they inspect it, you won't have to say that yours is better. Other Chicago residential properties occupied by some of Muhammad`s children were previously awarded to them by Budzinski, and 11 South Side businesses once operated by the Nation of Islam have since been disposed of by the Muslims. correct religion for African Americans, denouncing Christianity as the By the 1970s, the Nation of Islam owned bakeries, barber shops, coffee shops, grocery stores, laundromats, night-clubs, a printing plant, retail stores, numerous real estate holdings, and a fleet of tractor trailers, plus farmland in Michigan, Alabama, and Georgia. It is a tremendous sense of obligation now upon our community to lift up the Holy Quran, read and study it in her memory and in tradition said Imam Sultan R. Muhammad. [41] George Lincoln Rockwell, founder of the American Nazi Party, once called Elijah "the Hitler of the black man. movement to white people. black people were the original human beings and that white people had sympathizing with the Japanese during World War II (193945; a His father was a sharecropper and his mother was a domestic worker. Its social and political influence was matched by the success of its financial enterprises: real estate holdings, a national newspaper called Muhammad Speaks and numerous independent businesses. I look at how she travelled the world and so music is often sometimes in a box in our community but when I listen to Mother Tynnetta and the history of her life, she went across the world. But William Heinz, attorney for the bank, argued that the money was donated to Muhammad to build a nation and was not a personal gift. The Nation of Islam is a religious and political movement that started in the early 1930s by W.D. In 1942 Muhammad was one of a group of militant African American leaders Elijah Muhammad (born Elijah Robert Poole; October 7, 1897 February 25, 1975) was an American religious leader, black separatist, and self-proclaimed Messenger of Allah who led the Nation of Islam (NOI) from 1934 until his death in 1975. Temples were opened in These, he said, were instances of other 'chickens coming home to roost'. She lives and her work will go on in the generations.. In fact in that box is the house she lived in. What is the aim, vision of Rep. Ilhan Omars U.S.-Africa Policy Working Group? I was the right age for them to raise. In the 30s and definitely through the 40s into the mid-50s, Elijah, Jr., attended Muhammad University of Islam and many of its seminal stages as well as the trial periods while the Muslims were incarcerated, he attended classes in the living rooms of the Believers in Chicago, but as he grew up he began to take on certain roles in the Nation of Islam as a helper, said Carlos Muhammad. Minister Farrakhan addresses the Nation of Islam's Youth. The Honorable Minister Louis Farrakhan delivered Al-Fatiha in Arabic over the wooden casket. He claimed that Elijah Muhammad had ordered his death simply because he had learned the truthElijah Muhammad was the father of eight children by four teenage personal secretaries. [9] His younger brother Kalot Muhammad became the leader of the movement's self-defense arm, the Fruit of Islam. After the disappearance of Fard, the group was divided into many parts, with several potential leaders claiming their right to the leadership. Elijah Muhammad's program for economic development played a large part in the growth in the Nation of Islam. After his death the He was assassinated in 1965. The Messenger: The Rise and Fall of Elijah Muhammad. Then known by his birth name of Elijah Robert Poole, Muhammad in 1931 met Wallace D. Fard, a former salesman preaching a new form of Islam tailored to the needs and problems of black Americans. They had eight children: six boys and two girls, including Warith Deen Mohammed, who would later lead an offshoot organization of the Nation of Islam. The money will be divided equally among them after bills and claims against the estate are paid, Cook said. He was the sixth child of the family that included Emmanuel, Ethel, Lottie, Nathaniel, Jabir, Wallace, later known as Imam Warith Deen, and Akbar. Muhammad confirmed the rumors in 1963, attempting to justify his behavior by referring to precedents set by Biblical prophets. Elijah Muhammad was born Elijah Robert Poole in Sandersville, Georgia, on October 7, 1897. In need of money, she, like many other Black women at the time, became a domestic worker for a white family. Khaalis sent letters that were critical of Muhammad and Fard to Muhammad, his ministers, and the media. He was survived by many children, including his two daughters and six sons by his wife, most notably future leader Warith Deen Muhammad. [6][7] Fard taught that black people, as original Asiatics, had a rich cultural history which was stolen from them in their enslavement. We know such ignorant, foolish teaching would bring him to his own end. Rest easy, Dad. 2 in Chicago. 2. He was born June 29, 1931 in Detroit. Muhammad Ali, born Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr, rose from a poor family in segregated Louisville, Kentucky to international fame, winning three heavyweight boxing titles and . The movement was very controlled. the AlliesEngland, France, the Soviet Union, and the United His light skin Under Illinois law, children born out of wedlock have the same right to inherit as legitimate children. He married Clara Evans in 1919 and eventually had eight children with her. His father was a sharecropper and his. He also revealed an assassination attempt made on his life, through a discovered explosive device in his car, as well as the death threats he was receiving, in response to his exposure of Elijah Muhammad. The most important was led by Poole, who had become a top leader They married in Georgia in 1917, before he changed his name from Elijah Poole. been given a temporary privilege to govern the world. By the time of his death, Elijah had converted the NOI from a small religious group to a full-fledged enterprise with more than 250,000 members. Without himself being aware of it, the seed of hatred toward white supremacy had already been sown in his psyche. All the wisdom that she had you would never know it because she was always so free with making people feel comfortable around her. Elijah married Clara Evans (18991972) on March 7, 1917. [38] He met with leaders of the Ku Klux Klan in 1961 to work toward the purchase of farmland in the Deep South. From Macon, Ga., the Muhammad family moved to Detroit . groups. After Muhammad`s death, Wallace Muhammad`s followers took possession of Muhammad`s offices and records at his temple and home, and those records were either destroyed or lost. federal prison at Milan, Michigan. He also noted that after Muhammad`s death, the bank froze the fund temporarily, evidence that it considered it a personal fund. Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. Site contains certain content that is owned A&E Television Networks, LLC. [24] His letters also revealed what he knew of Fard, alleging he was John Walker of Gary who had come to America at 27 from Greece, had served prison time for stealing, and raping a 17-year-old girl, and had died in Chicago, Illinois, at 78. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elijah_Muhammad&oldid=1141790260, at least 23 (8 with Evans, 15 with others), including, Lucille Rosary Karriem Muhammad: three girls, This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 20:34. In 1976, Warith disbanded the NOI and established the American Society of Muslims., https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/elijah-muhammad-9846.php, 20th Century Spiritual & Religious Leaders. Children of its members attended classes at the newly created Muhammad University of Islam, but this soon led to challenges by boards of education in Detroit and Chicago, which considered the children truants from the public school system. Two daughters and six sons including notable: In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Elijah Muhammad on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans.[50]. Elijah Muhammad was born Elijah Robert Poole in Sandersville, Georgia, the seventh of thirteen children of William Poole Sr. (18681942), a Baptist lay preacher and sharecropper, and Mariah Hall (18731958), a homemaker and sharecropper. Our acronym stands for "Mothers of Preschoolers" because we began in 1973 when a group of moms with young children banded together to share their lives and parenting journeys. In 1942, Elijah was arrested for the violation of draft laws during the Second World War. Web. I thank all of you for being here, and I pray that Allah will bless all to return safely to your homes and remember, do unto others as you would have done unto yourselves, that when the end of our days comes, there will be no regretsweve done like Mother Tynnetta Muhammadthe best that we could, Min. Malcolm X was the top minister of the Nation of Islam under the leadership of Elijah Muhammad, and was a very well regarded member of the group. He declared that Fard had been an incarnation of Allah and that he himself was now Allahs messenger. Best Known For: Elijah Muhammad rose from poverty to become the charismatic leader of the black nationalist group Nation of Islam, and mentor of Malcolm X and Louis Farrakhan. December 16, 2013. Members had strict rules to follow regarding eating (various foods, such The family was poverty-stricken, and the only way to see food on their plates each evening was to ignore their education and start working. With five children, there were times we didnt have a piece of bread in the house, nor heat, water or even sufficient wearing apparel. judgment because of differences) as much as they themselves were. Her impact was felt wherever she travelled and she positively touched all whom were blessed to meet and work with her near and far. Nearly a decade of litigation ended Thursday when 22 children of the late Elijah Muhammad were awarded more than $5 million by a Cook County Circuit Court judge who ruled that a South Side bank had wrongly turned over Muhammad`s assets to his Nation of Islam organization. As a result, he was held in a federal prison in Milan, Michigan, for four years. It resulted in a clash between the NOI followers and the Boards of Education of Detroit and Chicago. Muhammad was imprisoned from 1942 to 1946 for evading the draft. The break between Malcolm and the NOI was caused by several factors, including Malcolm discovering Elijah's adultery with several women (X, 2015, 301) and Malcolm's speech Talking about his teenage experiences in Georgia, Elijah stated that he had witnessed enough brutality on the blacks to last him a thousand years. Upon his death, his son Warith Deen Mohammed succeeded him. ''The evidence overwhelmingly shows that the donations to the fund were intended as personal gifts to Elijah Muhammad from his followers,'' Budzinski said. He was known as the man Muslim officials went to when they wanted to get things done in the Nation. Born: October 7, 1897 Children via his wife, Clara Muhammad: Spiritual & Religious Leaders, Founder/Co-Founder: Muslim Mosque, Inc., Nation of Islam, See the events in life of Elijah Muhammad in Chronological Order, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xaM-E18cx6c, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Elijah_Muhammad_NYWTS-2.jpg, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OSig15gEslQ, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dVGdhCMNgHY, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NkF9ECWIENk, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qy_rHP4Y2qE. Fard stated that African Americans could regain their freedoms through self-independence and cultivation of their own culture and civilization.
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