Some elements have been developed, but the statue has not yet been installed. These two tribes continue to make their yearly tribute payment to the Virginia governor, as stipulated by the 1646 and 1677 treaties. As they were separated by water from Powhatan's domains, the Accawmacke enjoyed some measure of semi-autonomy under their own paramount chief, Debedeavon, aka "The Laughing King". In the 1680s, a small number of Indian children who went to work for English farmers were given English first names, and in some county records both names were recorded. Pocahontas was much celebrated in London, where she was welcomed with great ceremony at the Royal Court. The Virginia Indian Company was to hold a government monopoly on the thriving fur trade. At Cactus Hill (site 44SX202) and Blueberry Hill in Sussex County (site 44SX327), stone artifacts have been excavated carefully a few inches below Clovis-style artifacts. The traveling band whose descendants ultimately occupied North and South America may have been just 70 people. [30], A holdover from the slavery years and Jim Crow, which still prevailed in the racially segregated state, the act prohibited marriage between whites and non-whites. A lot of your names appear on the Southeastern American Indian Family Surnames list. In the ruling the court stated: "The freedom to marry, or not marry, a person of another race lies with the individual and cannot be infringed by the State."[31]. Modern historians, scientists, and students are affected by cultural biases as well. They were made of posts put in the ground, about a foot high or more, with small cross-poles attached. [33][34], The organized tribes, which developed from kinship and geographic communities, establish their own requirements for membership, as well as what they consider its obligations. myths and cultural biases shape how many people imagine the colonists and Native Americans first interacted with each other Many such early settlers in Virginia were called Second Sons. In this pamphlet, dating to about 1943, Walter A. Plecker, the state registrar of vital statistics, lists the surnames of Virginians he suspects are trying to pass as Indian or white. Native American ancestry can be one of the most challenging areas of genealogy research. The following year the Native Americans were forced to make further land concessions, extending into Kentucky. Native Americans Native-American Ancestry Culpepper Native-American Ancestors, Indian Princesses and Cherokee Indian Great-grandmothers A surprising number of Americans have as part of their oral family tradition that they have a Native American ancestor. [11], "The South of England to Virginia: Distressed Cavaliers and Indentured Servants, 164275", "Fielding Excursus: The William and Mary Quarterly", "Fielding and Davis Notes. The descriptions of the early explorers include overt and hidden value judgments that shade our current understanding of the lifestyles of the First Virginians. The Powhatan had pursued a band of Monacan as far as the Natural Bridge, where the Monacan ambushed the Powhatan on the narrow formation, routing them. A mailing list for the discussion and sharing of information regarding Native American surnames associated with the Seminole Nation. Tutelo Indians Collection: Swanton, John R. The Indian Tribes of North America. An act declaring who shall not bear office in this country (October 1705) An act declaring what persons shall be deemed mulattoes (October 1785) General Provisions as to Slaves (1860) An Act to amend and re-enact the 9th section of chapter 103 of the Code of Virginia for 1860 (1866) An Act to amend and re-enact section 49 of the Code of Virginia, 1887 (1910) Colored Persons and Indians Defined (1924) Preservation of Racial Integrity (1924) Atha Sorrells v. A. T. Shields, Clerk, Petition for Mandamus (November 14, 1924) Letter from Walter A. Plecker to Turner McDowell (September 27, 1937) Letter from Walter A. Plecker to Local Registrars, et al. It is derived from the Old English word "Eadgar," and is composed of the elements "ead," meaning "prosperity or fortune," and "gar," meaning "spear.". Chiefs had multiple names, earned over the course of their lives, and when they became chiefs, they took on a new name to mark the occasion. Native American last names 2 | Genealogy Notes By James P. Collins An 1890 Bureau of the Census report on Indians has a few items of genealogical importance. The first human residents of Virginia left virtually no written materials about their culture. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. With the repeal of the Racial Integrity Act, individuals were allowed to have their birth certificates and other records changed to note their ethnic Indian identity (rather than black or white "racial" classification), but the state government charged a fee. Native Americans are comprised of numerous sub-groups or tribes. The Native American tribes in Virginia are the indigenous tribes who currently live or have historically lived in what is now the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States of America. In 2015 the Pamunkey completed their process and were officially recognized as an Indian tribe by the federal government. She became an important symbol of friendly Native American-English relations of the Jamestown colony. According to colonial historian William Strachey, Chief Powhatan had slain the weroance at Kecoughtan in 1597, appointing his own young son Pochins as successor there. It recognized only the terms of "white" and "colored" (which was related to ethnic African ancestry). [1] All paid tribute to a paramount chief (mamanatowick) or Powhatan, whose personal name was Wahunsenecawh. The English collected ethnological information about the local Croatan tribe, as well as related coastal tribes extending as far north as the Chesapeake Bay. In 1887, following the Reconstruction era after the Civil War, Virginia Governor Wyndham Robertson wrote the first history of Pocahontas and her descendants, delineating the ancestry of FFV families including the Bollings, Clements, Whittles, Blands, Skipwiths, Flemings, Catletts, Gays, Jordans, Randolphs, Tazewells, and many others. What was the first name for the place we now call Virginia? The funds paid for living expenses, classroom space, and a teacher's pay. PLEASE NOTE: There. The first European explorers in what is now Virginia were Spaniards, who landed at two separate places several decades before the English founded Jamestown in 1607. They would also receive Christian instruction and civilization. [23], Necotowance thus ceded the English vast tracts of uncolonized land, much of it between the James and Blackwater Rivers. Source: Bureau of Land Management, Wilson Butte Cave. Pocahontas (1595-1617), a Native American, was the daughter of Chief Powhatan, founder of the Powhatan Confederacy.According to Mattaponi and Patawomeck tradition, Pocahontas was previously married to a Patawomeck weroance, Kocoum, who was murdered by Englishmen when Samuel Argall abducted her on April 13, 1613. [27] This sale was not recognized by the royal colonial government, nor by the Chickamauga Cherokee war chief Dragging Canoe. [24], In 1677, following Bacon's Rebellion, the Treaty of Middle Plantation was signed, with more of the Virginia tribes participating. The Ani-Stohini/Unami first petitioned in 1968 and the Rappahannock filed shortly thereafter. He envisioned having forts built along the frontier, which Tributary Nations would occupy, to act as buffers and go-betweens for trade with the tribes farther afield. Northern Virginia, Richmond, and Hampton Roads are the most populated areas in Virginia by Native Americans. On February 17, 2011, two bills that would grant the six non-reservation Virginia Indian tribes federal recognition were introduced in the 112th Congress, one in the Senate (S.379) and one in the House of Representatives (H.R.783). Edgar. 6.1 Cherokee surnames; 6.2 Miscellaneous Amerindian; 6.3 First names as Native American surnames; 6.4 Navajo/Din surnames. A mother's maiden name might be used as a "middle name", to document that part of the person's ancestry. Native American last names and meanings A rolled mat served as a pillow. With all the Native nomenclature you'd think their culture thrives there. [9], In 1907, the Jamestown Exposition was held near Norfolk to celebrate the tricentennial of the arrival of the first English colonists and the founding of Jamestown. This ancient Anglo-French surname recorded in the spellings of Palmer, Palmar, Parmer, Paumier, and the dialectals Pymar, Pymer, and Pimer, is a medieval descriptive nickname. Their only child, Thomas Rolfe, was born on January 30, 1615. The surname Smith occurs roughly 828 times per 100,000 people in the U.S. In 1972, The Bureau of Indian Affairs stated that they had lost the petition. Another Chickamauga leader, Bob Benge, also continued to lead raids in the westernmost counties of Virginia during these wars, until he was slain in 1794. The sons and daughters of FFV families married sons and daughters of other FFV's, and inherited wealth - primarily land and slaves, both considered necessary property for growing tobacco that was shipped to Europe - stayed in the family. In 1662, this law was changed to require them to display a copper badge, or else be subject to arrest. Although these names had specific meanings, most were not translated by English colonists at Jamestown, and many of those meanings have been lost. later told tribal leaders that they had lost the Ani-Stohini/Unami petition; they said that during the American Indian Movement takeover of the Interior Building in 1972, many documents were lost or destroyed. It led to the Second Anglo-Powhatan War. Plecker was a strong proponent for the Act. In 1995, they began construction of the cultural center project and completed two phases by 1997. Family names are Adams, Collins, Croston, Dalton, Dorton, Kennedy, Male (Mayle, Mahle, Mail), Minard (Miner), Newman, Norris, and Pritchard. 6.4.1 Top 10; 6.4.2 Others; 6.4.3 Non-native names; 6.5 Hopi surnames; 6.6 Hualapai/Havasupai surnames; 6.7 Other surnames . The history of the Monacan Indian Nation who occupied the western portion of the state is well worth remembering and discussing. Source: Library of Congress. [16], After the Civil War, the reservation tribes began to reclaim their cultural identities. When the English first established the Virginia Colony, the Powhatan tribes had a combined population of about 15,000. Indeed, many younger sons were relocated into the cotton belt to start their own plantations. His warriors again killed about 350-400 settlers in the attack. In 1646, Opechancanough was captured by the English. [16], During this period, ethnic Europeans continued to push the Virginia Indians off the remaining reservations and end their status as tribes. By 1711, Governor Spotswood offered to remit the tribes' yearly tribute payments if they would send their boys to the school. [citation needed] Men and boys hunted game, and harvested fish and shellfish. Manahoac Indians Meherrin Indians Monacan Indians Nahyssan Indians Nottaway Indians Occaneechi Indians Powhatan Indians Saponi Indians Shawnee Indians Indians of this tribe were settled for a time in the Sbenandoah Valley. His warriors killed about 350-400 settlers (up to one-third of the estimated total population of about 1,200), during the attack. White colonists considered this license to cross the mountains with impunity, which the Iroquois resisted. "Aborigines" A description of the Indians established in that state? Relations between the two peoples were not always friendly. Some of them like the Locklears come out with south Indian blood from India. up through to the Historic Period - the time that the first European explorers discovered who lived on this continent. The Powhatan withdrew their settlements to below the Fall Line of the Piedmont, far to the east along the coast. My dna with Gedmatch shows Native American ancestry. (December 1943), Encyclopedia Virginia946 Grady Ave. Ste. If you visit one of the colonial Virginia mansions, tour guides will talk about the Carter, Lee, Randolph, Bolling, and occasionally even the Grymes family as "First Families of Virginia" (FFV's) The FFV's were the gentry - the white, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant gentry - who governed the economic, social, and political life of colonial Virginia between 1607-1776. The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography". by Virginia January 19, 2023. The buffalo were still plentiful in the Virginia Piedmont up until the 1700s. However, anthropologists sought access to the bones for scientific research and sued to block the reburial. [14] Experienced women and older girls worked together to build the houses, with younger children assigned to assist. of the House of Representatives for the 1st Session of the 52nd Congress, 1891-92, serial set volume 3016) An examination of the annual . Source: USGS Ecosystem and Climate History of Alaska. He married and had a family: his descendants married into other elite families. Because most of Virginia's leading families recognized Charles II as King following the execution of Charles I in 1649, Charles II reputedly called Virginia his "Old Dominion" a nickname that endures today. The scientists challenged the assumption that all bones older than 1492 (when Columbus "sailed the ocean blue") must be connected with a modern Native American tribe.6, One speculation was that the bones indicated Polynesian or even European immigrants may have reached North America nearly 10,000 years ago, separately from those hunting bands that crossed the Bering land bridge. Federal recognition of these tribes would compensate for some of the historic injustices they suffered under Virginia government, and recognize their continuing identities as Virginia Indians and American citizens. By Linda Carter. The state also recognizes the Monacan Nation, the Nottoway, and the Cheroenhaka (Nottoway), who were outside the paramountcy. The Racial Integrity Act was not repealed until 1967, after the ruling of the US Supreme Court case Loving v. Virginia, which stated anti-miscegenation laws were unconstitutional. Virginia, United States. Other names might follow as his proficiency in hunting and war grew, and when the young man became initiated into manhood and then performed a truly outstanding feat as a warrior, the tribal chief gave him yet another name to memorialize his deeds. The tribe filed a complaint that has yet to be addressed by the Bureau. However, the history of Native Americans in Virginia does not begin and end with the Powhatan. Men controlled the Virginia General Assembly and local county courts in colonial times. [1] and from Swanton's The Indian Tribes of North America [2]. The Piedmont and area above the fall line were occupied by Siouan-speaking groups, such as the Monacan and Manahoac. [17] Most Indian tribes maintain some traditions from before the time of European settlement, and are keen to pass these on to their children. Women gathered greens, roots and nuts, and cooked these with the meats. Begay - Derived from the Navajo word biye, which means his son. In the late 1960s, two Virginia organizations applied for federal recognition through the BAR under the Bureau of Indian Affairs. The 17th-century historian William Strachey thought since bark was harder to acquire, families of higher status likely owned the bark-covered houses. Roanoke, Meherrin, and Nottowayare Native American names for Virginia rivers, but they were not the original names used by the first Virginians. They may have occupied the mountainous region around Catawba, Virginia in Roanoke County, which had not been settled by European Americans. In addition, women were largely responsible for the construction of new houses when the band moved for seasonal resources. Tutelo1 English. Indigenous tribes in Virginia, United States. This dispute, which first flared in 1736 as Europeans began to settle the Shenandoah Valley, came to a head in 1743. The Shawnee captured Fort Seybert (now in West Virginia) in April 1758. 1001 Pembroke Ln, Suffolk, VA 23434 VISIT TRIBAL WEBSITE History of the Nansemond MONACAN Chief Kenneth Branham chiefbranham@aol.com Assistant Chief Pamela J. Thompson pamelaj.monacanasstchief@gmail.com Tribal Administrator Adrian Compton tribaladmin@monacannation.com (434) 363-4864 Tribaloffice@monacannation.com VISIT TRIBAL WEBSITE With both sides raiding in attempts to sabotage supplies and steal resources, English and Powhatan relations quickly fell apart. Learn how to research your Native American ancestry, search through Native American records and online databases, and discover great genealogy resources for your specific tribe! The Monacan, who spoke a Siouan language, created dome-shaped structures covered with bark and reed mats. Women were responsible for butchering the meat, gutting and preparing the fish, and cooking shellfish and vegetables for stew. The Kanawha River is believed to have been named centuries earlier to indicate a former homeland of the Conoy aka Piscataway.). We have to evaluate other evidence to determine - or guess - at their religious beliefs, political boundaries, population levels, family life, and other social patterns. The colonists called it the Draper's Meadow Massacre. About 25,000 years ago, so much water was captured in the ice blanketing the continents that sea level was as much as 400' lower. "[52], The two reservation tribes, the Pamunkey and Mattaponi, are not part of the federal recognition bill. Second or third sons went out to the colonies to make their fortune, or entered the military and the clergy. Families often used surnames as given names, as in the "Johns" of Johns Hopkins University. They must have been an important tribe at one time, as Haw River, the chief head stream of Cape Fear river, derives its . Jamestown was spared because Chanco, an Indian boy living with the English, warned the English about the impending attack. While the primary focus of the list will be on the Cherokee, Delaware and Allegheny nations, the list is . By 1525 the Spanish had charted the eastern Atlantic coastline north of Florida. The mystery is beginning to unfold, thanks to genealogical DNA tests. Ferris, c.1932). We invite you to learn more about Indians in Virginia in our Encyclopedia Virginia. Translation for Native Americans meeting first Enlishmen in Virginia Captain Nathaniel Basse, arrived in 1622 on the Furtherance (probably at Jamestown) and founded the Isle of Wight in 1607 (that's what Ancestry says.perhaps it was given to him from the Englishmen who made land decisions - maybe a company supporting this exploration . Some may have arrived as much as 20,000 years ago. Chesapeake, name of the largest bay in Virginia, is of Native American origin. During the day, the bedding was rolled up and stored so the space could be used for other purposes. By 1607 Powhatan bore several adult names. The B.I.A. Phoenix, Arizona: Oryx Press, 1996. For over 50 years, scholars thought the first artifacts documenting human settlement in North America were stone tools crafted in the style of the Clovis culture. "Environment and Economy: Many are coal miners, hill cultivators on sub-marginal lands, truck farmers and dairy farmers, domestic servants, and in cities industrial workers. Chesapeake, name of the largest bay in Virginia, is of Native American origin. [3] Only two of the tribes, the Pamunkey and Mattaponi, have retained reservation lands assigned by 17th-century treaties made with the English colonists. These names were not titles; they were personal names to be used in conversation. In 1613, a secretary of the Virginia Colony, William Starchey, said the Roanoke settlers moved inland to live with local American Indians but were later slaughtered by a rival Native American . The tribes had struggled to be recognized, against issues of racial discrimination. . SURNAMES, BY COUNTIES AND CITIES, OF MIXED NEGROID VIRGINIA FAMILIES STRIVING TO PASS AS INDIAN OR WHITE. The first such project, Fort Christanna, was a success in that the Tutelo and Saponi tribes took up residence. By 1850, one of the reservations was sold to the whites, and another reservation was officially divided by 1878. Although the island site is located in present-day North Carolina, the English considered it part of the Virginia territory. [50][51] The Senate bill was referred to the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs. "The Black-and-White World of Walter Ashby Plecker", Learn how and when to remove this template message, Population history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Cultural assimilation of Native Americans, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), The International Indian Treaty Council (IITC), Native American Medal of Honor recipients, List of federally recognized tribes by state, List of Indian reservations in the United States, State recognized tribes in the United States, Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal, "A renowned Virginia Indian tribe finally wins federal recognition", "Trump signs bill recognizing Virginia Indian tribes - The Washington Post", https://pstcc-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/f/1qcuk90/TN_gale_ofa306597312, "Meet Virginia Tribes for Native American Heritage Month", https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2022/04/01/rappahannock-tribe-fones-cliffs-eagles/, https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2023/01/20/native-american-fones-cliffs-rappahannock-virginia/, "Tribes & Nations: State Recognized Tribes", "Virginia tribes take another step on road to federal recognition", "Moran Hails Senate Leadership in VA Indian Struggle", "H.R. These are six non-reservation tribes whose members have demonstrated continuity of community, as noted by state recognition. Source: Smithsonian Institution, The 9,000 year-old Kennewick Man, Our perspectives on the past are changing fast. [53], On July 28, 2011, the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs ordered the Senate version of the bill "to be reported without amendment favorably. Its meaning varies and such differences are contingent upon time and place. Native American last names by Patricia Brown There are many different types of last names in America. She was born about 1800 in VA. Chaske is another surname from Native America and refers to the 'first born son.' 22. The region beyond the Blue Ridge (including West Virginia) was considered part of the sacred hunting grounds. [13] There was little need for extra bedding because a fire was kept burning inside the houses to provide heat in the cold months. Source: Commonwealth of Virginia, William and Mary built the Brafferton building in 1723 to educate Native Americans, in Powhatan's paramount chiefdom, after werowances died and their flesh decayed the bones were wrapped and retained in temples In April 1613, Captain Samuel Argall learned that Powhatan's "favorite" daughter Pocahontas was residing in a Patawomeck village. In 1776, the Shawnee joined Dragging Canoe's Cherokee faction in declaring war on the "Long Knives" (Virginians). The following list of indigenous people who have lived in West Virginia has been compiled from Hodge's Handbook of American Indians. asepihiye blacken. They did not understand that mixed-race descendants could be brought up as fully culturally Native American. [25], In 1693 the College of William and Mary officially opened. We can be positive about one thing, however: the first Virginians did not arrive in the Susan Constant, Godspeed, and Discovery in 1607. About ten years later, Don Luis returned with Spanish Jesuit missionaries to establish the short-lived Ajacn Mission. The Shawnee and Cherokee claims remained, however. Senator Tom Coburn (R-Ok.) believes that requests for tribal recognition should be processed through the Bureau of Indian Affairs, a process the Virginia tribes cannot use. Paramount chiefs were known to take new names even late in life. Various bills before Congress have proposed granting federal recognition for the six non-reservation Virginia Tribes. There are currently 8 state recognized tribes in Virginia: Chickahominy, Eastern Chickahominy, Mattaponi, Monacan Indian Nation, Nansemond, Pamunkey, Rappahannock, Upper Mattaponi. 60. Asians who crossed the Bering Land Bridge walked east and south, following new territory for hunting game. As registrar, he issued birth, death, and marriage certificates, and routinely changed the races of applicants The latter six gained recognition through passage of federal legislation in the 21st century. Following this treaty, some dispute remained as to whether the Iroquois had ceded only the Shenandoah Valley, or all their claims south of the Ohio. Their "landless" condition added to their difficulty in documenting historic continuity of their people, as outsiders assumed that without a reservation, the Indians had assimilated to the majority culture. Recent sponsors of such Federal recognition bills have been Senator George Allen, R-Va and Rep. Jim Moran, D-Va. The Nottoway Indians are a Southern Iroquoian tribe. Early Virginia Indiansthe Algonquian-speaking Indians of Tsenacomoco, in particular, and possibly other groupsused multiple personal names. In the spring of 1567, the conquistador Juan Pardo was based at Fort San Juan, built near the Mississippian culture center of Joara in present-day western North Carolina. A thin network of increasingly interrelated families made up the planter elite and held power in colonial Virginia. c. 1557), the Doeg split into three sections, with one part moving to what became organized as colonial Caroline County, one part moving to Prince William, and a third part remaining in King George. So many of their records were destroyed under Walter Plecker that they would be unable to satisfy BIA documentation requirements of cultural continuity. When you read the original documents, try to anticipate the source material that was omitted as well as the way the recorded material was morphed by the biases of the colonial times. ", on John Smith's map, the James River was labeledPowhatan's flu (flu=river) 1385: Thomasina E. Jordan Indian Tribes of Virginia Federal Recognition Act of 2009", "S. 1178: Indian Tribes of Virginia Federal Recognition Act of 2009", "Baptist executives urge federal recognition of Virginia tribes", "Virginia tribes may get federal recognition", "Bills introduced to extend federal recognition to Virginia tribes", "S.379 - Indian Tribes of Virginia Federal Recognition Act of 2011", "H.R.783 - Thomasina E. Jordan Indian Tribes of Virginia Federal Recognition Act of 2011", "Petitioners List for Federal Recognition by State", "The Black and White World of Walter Ashby Plecker", "SPECIAL REPORT: Virginia's Indians, three-part series", Brigid Schulte, "With Trip to England, Va. Tribes Seek a Place in U.S. History", Thomasina E. Jordan Indian Tribes of Virginia Federal Recognition Act of 2007, Brigid Schulte, "As Year's End Nears, Disappointment: Va. Tribes Had Hoped Jamestown Events Would Help Them Gain Sovereign Indian Nation Status", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Native_American_tribes_in_Virginia&oldid=1135622490, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing cleanup from August 2022, Articles with bare URLs for citations from August 2022, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from August 2022, All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify, Articles needing additional references from August 2022, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 25 January 2023, at 20:53. The tools were first discovered in the 1930's near Clovis, New Mexico and dated to be about 13,000 years old. [49] The hold prevented the bill from reaching the Senate floor, and it died with the end of the Congressional session. As a researcher and family historian, I was excited when a . It is signed by eight Indians, all of whom used Anglicized names: Winoak Robin, Sam, Doctor Tom, John Turner, Winoak Arthur, Tom Turner, Rodger and Col. Frank. In the late 20th century, state law established an official recognition process. [14], In 1607, when the English made their first permanent settlement at Jamestown, Virginia, the area of the current state was occupied by numerous tribes of Algonquian, Siouan, and Iroquoian linguistic stock. . In addition, some records were destroyed during the American Civil War and earlier conflicts. This last name was borne by the inventor of the light bulb, Thomas Alva Edison. By this treaty, the extent of the Virginia Colony open to patent by English colonists was defined as: All the land between the Blackwater and York rivers, and up to the navigable point of each of the major rivers - which were connected by a straight line running directly from modern Franklin on the Blackwater, northwesterly to the Appomattoc village beside Fort Henry, and continuing in the same direction to the Monocan village above the falls of the James, where Fort Charles was built, then turning sharp right, to Fort Royal on the York (Pamunkey) river.
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