Escape Wheel & Verge Combo 44 comes as a combination of a 44 tooth escape wheel that measures 33 mm in diameter and the accompanying verge. You must log in or register to reply here. verge escapement adjustment. . var today = new Date() Verge timepieces tend to accelerate as the crown wheel and the pallets wear down. Verge Retainer Bend To Fit is a verge retainer that must be bent to fit the wire requirements. Does your Waterbury have a pinwheel escapement? 20 No. Yes, the pallets need to be moved closer by a couple thousandths. var year = today.getFullYear() Introduction: My name is Lilliana Bartoletti, I am a adventurous, pleasant, shiny, beautiful, handsome, zealous, tasty person who loves writing and wants to share my knowledge and understanding with you. Look at the "microscopic" dust particles. 2023 Fashioncoached. Performance & security by Cloudflare. adjusting, and much more. [8] This is because it has proven difficult to distinguish from the meager written documentation which of these early tower clocks were mechanical, and which were water clocks; the same Latin word, horologe, was used for both. The first successful marine chronometers, H4 and H5, made by John Harrison in 1759 and 1770, used verge escapements with diamond pallets.,[8][37][38] In trials they were accurate to within a fifth of a second per day.[39]. Salisbury Cathedral clockoldest known operating clock, with verge and foliot escapement. How to Fix the Chimes on an Old Clock to Coincide With the Correct Time, How to Let the Weights All the Way Down on a Grandfather Floor Clock, Galvin's Time Repair: Frequently Asked Questions, Woodcraft: Weight Driven Clock Movement Instructions & Trouble Shooting Guide. The NAWCC is dedicated to providing association services, promoting interest in and encouraging the collecting of clocks and watches including disseminating knowledge of the same. Its origin is unknown. W. Houtkooper "The Accuracy of the Foliot" Antiquarian Horology Vol. Correct the position of the clock case front to back and side to side by either turning the adjustable feet of the clock case or placing thin cardboard shims under the corners and sides until the case is perfectly level. var year = today.getFullYear() The way to imagine this system is that the teeth on the crown wheel push the pendulum like a person on a swing. Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. Universal Verge Kit comes in a set of 3 pieces. To lose one's wealth is sad indeed, to lose one's health is more. It is a dead beat escapement. (Whre they not the first to create the jet (buzz bombs))? Wondered why my SLAPTOP smelled kinda funny - ginnin' ta have a romance . In later pendulum clocks the pendulum was suspended by a short straight spring of metal ribbon from the clock frame, and a vertical arm attached to the end of the verge rod ended in a fork which embraced the pendulum rod; this avoided the friction of suspending the pendulum directly from the pivoted verge rod. Annals of Science, volume 65, Issue 2, April 2008, pg 171-200, "The Evolution of the Quartz Crystal Clock", "Origin and Evolution of the Anchor Clock Escapement", Villard_de_Honnecourt_-_Sketchbook_-_44.jpg, "A Walk Through Time, part 3: A Revolution in Timekeeping", Elytra Design, Diagram of verge and foliot escapement, Mark Frank (2005), The Evolution of Tower Clock Movements. Universal Verge #1 is a universal verge that can be adjusted as required. LAB, I see the direction of the EW and, yes the teeth would read, "deadbeat". What is the verge on a pendulum clock? Verge watches and clocks are sensitive to changes in the drive force; they slow down as the mainspring unwinds. Escapement Animation Videos - About Time - David LaBounty. Clockmakers call this a verge reconversion. Product # 79-004. The verge escapement probably evolved from the alarum, which used the same mechanism to ring a bell and had appeared centuries earlier. The Simple Mantel Clock Adjustment Make sure that the hour hand shaft is not too tight or else it will not turn. 0:00 / 1:22. Your IP: Galileo's escapement - the first proposed pendulum clock escapement by Galileo Galilei. The first use of pendulums in clocks around 1656 suddenly increased the accuracy of the verge clock from hours a day to minutes a day. How do I adjust the pendulum escapement? What causes a pendulum to eventually slow down and stop swinging? In order to reduce the pendulum's swing to make it more isochronous, the French used larger pallet angles, upward of 115. One reason for the switch was the inefficient nature of the systemit was difficult to get the pendulum and verge to synchronize perfectly. They kept time by using the verge escapement to drive a foliot, a primitive type of balance wheel. Naw, Lab - did you mean "STRAP"? The actual files purchased above are included on one large sheet so that they may be directly loaded into your CAM program. The rear bushing for the verge is in a tab that is riveted to the rear plate and the front verge bushing is on a tab that can be adjusted up or down, with a screw to tighten it down in place. Escape Wheel & Verge Combo 41 comes as a combination of a 41 tooth escape wheel that measures 33 mm in diameter and the accompanying verge. Although no other example is known, it is possible that this design preceded the more usual verge in clocks.[23]. Beehive 46T, Ansonia 30 Hr. How accurate the first verge and foliot clocks were is debatable, with estimates of one to two hours error per day[26][8][2] being mentioned, although modern experiments with clocks of this construction show accuracies of minutes per day were achievable with enough care in design and maintenance. Other repairs are made as needed. Now, rotate the escapement wheel such that it is on the face of the other pallet. This is particularly evident in verge watches from the mid-18th century onward. Coleman Verge Kit is a coleman style verge kit that must be bent to the desired shape and assembled. Once you have the Graham escapement drawings, drawing the recoil escapements is easier because the images could be superimposed for reference. Move the pendulum to either side slightly with a finger or hand and then release it. Each swing of the pendulum released an escape wheel tooth. There are two kinds of power losses in a clock: frictional losses and losses caused by the action of the escapement (which result in additional frictional . [8] This rotates the verge and foliot in one direction, and rotates the second pallet into the path of the teeth on the opposite side of the wheel, until the tooth slides off the end of the pallet, releasing it. David when i tried to open this link it said there was a error. Escape Wheel & Verge Combo 46 comes as a combination of a 46 tooth escape wheel that measures 33.75 mm in diameter and the accompanying verge. Like. Escape Wheel & Verge Combo 33 comes as a combination of a 33 tooth escape wheel that measures 31 mm in diameter and the accompanying verge. The procedure for doing this is shown below. Verge Retainer Brass is a formed brass verge retainer. The Verge Pendulum Escapement replaced the older Verge-Foliot System sometime in the mid-to-late 17th Century. This is the timekeeper of the clock. The reason for this is that as new escapements were invented, it became the fashion to have a thin watch. Clock 4 was designed with a Verge and Foliot escapement that was used before the pendulum was introduced to clockmakers. 1) When your grandfather clock strikes the next hour, count the number of strikes. [2][3] Oscillating timekeepers are used in all modern timepieces. This only takes a few minutes to readjust and all pendulum clock owners should learn how as this will happen eventually. Many clocks use a friction clutching device which is connected to the escapement and does not require a bending of the crutch with pliers. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. One, Spring 1992, M. Maltin "Some notes on the Medieval Clock in Salisbury Cathedral" Antiquarian Horology Vol. You must log in or register to reply here. Bend and cut them to fit your application. [31] With an even number, two opposing teeth will contact the pallets at the same time, jamming the escapement. MS. 19093, folio 44, French Collection, Bibliothque Nationale, Paris (No. The verge escapement dates from 13th-century Europe, where its invention led to the development of the first all-mechanical clocks. The moment of inertia of the foliot or balance wheel controls the oscillation rate, determining the rate of the clock. To print only a single item of the drawing to scale using Adobe Acrobat Reader, do the following: Go to Edit, then click on Take a snapshot, move the cursor to the top left of the item you want to print and hold down the left mouse button whilst you drag a box around the item. One candidate is the Dunstable Priory clock in Bedfordshire, England built in 1283, because accounts say it was installed above the rood screen, where it would be difficult to replenish the water needed for a water clock. If you look closely at where the escape wheel teeth hit the anchor. Item #: 31041 Condition: New Price: $22.50 Qty: Add to Cart See Details Verge 12-Pc Asst Description: 12 popular verges require final polishing to finsh. In England, high end watches went to the duplex escapement, developed in 1782, but relatively inexpensive verge fusee watches continued to be produced until the mid 19th century, when the lever escapement took over. Here is more information about the movement. When companies discuss sustainability Why is the focus on carbon dioxide co2 )? The problem with the verge was that it required the pendulum to swing in a wide arc of 80 to 100. One candidate is the Dunstable Priory clock in Bedfordshire, England built in 1283, because accounts say it was installed above the rood screen, where it would be difficult to replenish the water needed for a water clock. The teeth on one edge of the wheel catch hold of fins (pallets) on a shaft to which the pendulum is attachedgiving it a push. [21] However, there is agreement that mechanical clocks existed by the late 13th century. . Stop the pendulum and bend the crutch near its middle slightly to the right with the needle-nose pliers if the stronger "tick" is to the right. [23][24] It consisted of a pair of escape wheels on the same axle, with alternating radial teeth. Most of the gross inaccuracy of the early verge and foliot clocks was not due to the escapement itself, but to the foliot oscillator. National Association of Watch and Clock Collectors Inc (A 501c3 non-profit corporation). These files are free but for all newer clocks there is a small charge. The escape wheel must have an odd number of teeth for the escapement to function. JavaScript is disabled. If your chimes were out of sync, move the big hand back to 9 and wait for the sound of the spring. Source: Wikipedia.org, Verge escapement and balance wheel from an early pocketwatch, Verge and foliot escapement from De Vick tower clock, built Paris, 1379, by Henri de Vick. (LogOut/ These all have the ultimate goal of reducing power losses. Escape Wheel & Verge Combo 37 comes as a combination of a 37 tooth escape wheel that measures 35.25 mm in diameter and the accompanying verge. The recoil clock escapement, showing excess entry drop, followed by correct drop. For those clock builders who will be using CNC to cut the profiles the DXF files for this clock and Clocks 1,2 and 5 are available here for $36. Escape Wheel & Verge Combo 35 comes as a combination of a 35 tooth escape wheel that measures 35.3 mm in diameter and the accompanying verge. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Horology studies the flow of time and seeks to harness its power for the good of mankind. The time keeping with this mechanism is not as good as that of a pendulum because of the numerous variables within the mechanism, but adjustment by positioning the two weights on the Foliot arm can bring it within a reasonable accuracy. This system only works with an odd number of teethallowing them to alternate pushing forward and then back. [7] The rate of the clock could be adjusted by moving the weights in or out on the foliot. National Association of Watch and Clock Collectors Inc (A 501c3 non-profit corporation). Universal Verge #10 fits: E.N Welch 8- Day T & S 29T. Attached to the verge at its top is an inertial oscillator, a balance wheel or in the earliest clocks a foliot, a horizontal beam with weights on either end. A method of identifying the difference between a crutch that requires bending and one that does not is that the thin round crutch lever can be bent while a wider, flat crutch will use a friction device. This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks. 12. Many are in the archives of this list. Movement from my Junghans bracket. With the crutch at the exact same angle, adjust the pallet so that the tip of the escapement is centered on that driving face. Attached to the verge at its top is an inertial oscillator, a balance wheel or in the earliest clocks a foliot, a horizontal beam with weights on either end. Unfortunately many of the original movements in these clocks were later replaced with balance-wheel or anchor (long pendulum) escapements. 8. Escape Wheel & Verge Combo 50 comes as a combination of a 50 tooth escape wheel that measures 35 mm in diameter and the accompanying verge. Then the increase in accuracy due to the introduction of the pendulum and balance spring in the mid 17th century focused attention on error caused by the escapement. This brings up the print dialogue, make sure Selected graphic is selected and that the Page scaling is set to None and the click on OK. As long as your printer is connected you will have printed the item at size. Do not. The foliot was a horizontal bar with weights near its ends affixed to a vertical bar called the verge which was suspended free to rotate. Although the verge is not known for accuracy, it is capable of it. It's more complex than the Gilberts and I have tough time with them. The usual angle between the pallets was 90 to 105,[8][31] resulting in a foliot or pendulum swing of around 80 to 100. Coleman Verge Kit comes in a set of 2 pieces. This is a visually interesting clock with its single hour bar and weights, and the compound verge component made completely from wood is unusual. [7] The rate of the clock could be adjusted by moving the weights in or out on the foliot. Is there a rule of thumb on how to properly adjust the DEPTH of the verge?? Find a need and fill it. Repeat this process until the equilibrium is established and the sound that is heard is a clear and distinct "tick-tick", which indicates the pendulum clock escapement is correctly adjusted. Contact the Webmaster for perceived copyright infringement (DMCA Registration Number 1010287). Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. The verge escapement consists of a wheel shaped like a crown, called the escape wheel, with sawtooth-shaped teeth protruding axially toward the front, and with its axis oriented horizontally. VDOMDHTMLtml> The Verge Escapement - YouTube A quick discussion of the Verge Escapement. To achieve this in a verge watch requires the crown wheel to be made very small, magnifying the effects of wear. I've seen wheels that come off the shaft and get re-installed backwards. The adjustment nut is a large nut at the bottom of the pendulum just below the large disk or weight called the bob. A verge is what engages with the escape wheel in clock repair and comes in an assortment pack of 9. It is not broken, only out of beat. Pendulum too low or too high: The lower the pendulum the slower the clock will run. Uploaded by Bob on February 20, 2014 at 12:52 am. I just finished cleaning my Waterbury jewelers regulator and I would like instructions on how to adjust the verge to the escape wheel. Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page. 514 Poplar Street Your movement has a half-deadbeat escapement. The Earth's gravity attracts the pendulum. [32] With an even number, two opposing teeth will contact the pallets at the same time, jamming the escapement. Cloudflare Ray ID: 7a292b476b07402f The Verge Escapement This was the first animation of a watch escapement and was on show at the 1992 CADCAM exhibition at the National Exhibition Centre in Birmingham. Then the crown wheel rotates freely a short distance until a tooth on the wheel's opposite side contacts the second pallet, pushing on it. In pendulum clocks, the wide pendulum swing angles of 80-100 required by the verge cause an additional lack of isochronism due to circular error. Also, the timing between the wheel and the pendulum must be just right, or the system will not operate efficientlykind of like pushing a person on a swing at the wrong time. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. Product # 79-006, Universal Verge Kit is bent however must be assembled. Then the cycle repeats. document.write(year) The pallets are not parallel, but are oriented with an angle in between them so only one catches the teeth at a time. The name verge comes from the Latin virga, meaning stick or rod.[1]. [3][5][6] Starting in the 13th century, large tower clocks were built in European town squares, cathedrals, and monasteries. In spite of the fact that these clocks were celebrated objects of civic pride which were written about at the time, it may never be known when the new escapement was first used. Adjustments are made to the escapement to improve its action. [31] This reduced the pendulum swing to around 50 and reduced recoil (below), but required the verge to be located so near the crown wheel that the teeth fell on the pallets very near the axis, reducing initial leverage and increasing friction, thus requiring lighter pendulums.[31][32]. Universal Verge #2 fits: Ansonia 30 Hr. By the mid-17th century, when the pendulum replaced the foliot, the best verge and foliot clocks had achieved an accuracy of 15 minutes per day. Escape Wheel & Verge Combo 34 comes as a combination of a 34 tooth escape wheel that measures 31 mm in diameter and the accompanying verge. Many pendulum clocks can be adjusted either by a set screw at the bottom of the pendulum or by an inset screw on the pendulum. Labonty has given you the correct procedure to properly adjust the dead-beat escapement so that the "drops are equal and safe" both entry and exit. It's usually simplest to have the movement stripped with only a couple of wheels plus the 'scape wheel and the verge. This caused a shift from measuring time by continuous processes, such as the flow of liquid in water clocks, to repetitive, oscillatory processes, such as the swing of pendulums, which had the potential to be more accurate. 5x5 Storage Unit | Reserve 5x5 Self Storage For Free, 10 Best & Safest Self Storage Units in Charlotte NC (2023) - Self Storage Units. Correcting Drop on recoil escapement. As might be expected from its early invention, the verge is the most inaccurate of the widely used escapements. Today the verge is seen only in antique or antique-replica timepieces. Set the pendulum back into motion and continue listening. Each swing of the balance wheel thus allows one tooth of the escape wheel to pass, advancing the wheel train of the clock by a fixed amount, moving the hands forward at a constant rate. A quick discussion of the Verge Escapement. Finally, the verge-pendulum system required either a very large pendulum arc, which required a lot of roomor steeply angled pallets, which would slip or break often. The verge rod was suspended between them, with a short crosspiece that rotated first in one direction and then the other as the staggered teeth pushed past. [33][34] These later verge watches were colloquially called 'turnips' because of their bulky build. Bill Stoddard showing how to adjust recoil escapement excessive entrance pallet drop on a Birge, Peck & Co., shelf clock: 1850 to 1855. I doubt the EW could be installed backerds; It's pinion appears too far off center to mesh if backerds. The moment of inertia of the foliot or balance wheel controls the oscillation rate, determining the rate of the clock. You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked. 5, Spring 1993, "The Evolution of the Quartz Crystal Clock", "Origin and Evolution of the Anchor Clock Escapement", Villard_de_Honnecourt_-_Sketchbook_-_44.jpg, "History of Watches - Audemars Piguet, Breitling, Bulgari, Cartier, Ebel, Franck Muller, Jaeger leCoultre, Omega, Patek Philippe, Rolex, Tag Heuer, Vacheron et Constantin, Zenith", National Institute of Standards and Technology, Elytra Design, Diagram of verge and foliot escapement, Mark Frank (2005), The Evolution of Tower Clock Movements, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Verge_escapement&oldid=1131124881, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Verge watches and clocks are sensitive to changes in the drive force; they slow down as the, In pendulum clocks, the wide pendulum swing angles of 80-100 required by the verge cause an additional lack of isochronism due to, The wide pendulum swings also cause a lot of. [19] Another is the clock built at the Palace of the Visconti, Milan, Italy, in 1335. OG 42T, Universal Verge #2 is a universal verge that can be adjusted as required. Why does my clock keep stopping at the same time? Then, teeth on the other edge push another pallet pushing it back. I had that happen to me about a month ago, the escape wheel had been removed and replaced back onto the shaft backwards. [8][9] There has been speculation that Villard de Honnecourt invented the verge escapement in 1237 with an illustration of a strange mechanism to turn an angel statue to follow the sun with its finger,[10][11] but the consensus is that this was not an escapement. Now all that should be needed is to adjust the beat by what ever method is correct for this clock. Product # 79-002. Great reference. Listen to the sound of the ticking. 2. Universal Verge #10 is a universal verge that can be adjusted as required. In order to reduce the pendulum's swing to make it more isochronous, the French used larger pallet angles, upward of 115. The verge escapement dates from 13th-century Europe, where its invention led to the development of the first all-mechanical clocks. Then, move the hand forward to 11, listen for the spring again, and move the hand to 12. Product # 79-0502. Whichever of the methods used, more than one adjustment may be required. However; Does the EXIT pallet not look like a ninety degree bend to you? I've seen wheels that come off the shaft and get re-installed backwards. Known as the verge escapement, it consisted of a crown-shaped gear wheel driven by a weight and regulated by a pair of metal pallets that alternately stopped gear teeth. Henry J, "The clock of life is wound but once, and no man has the power, to tell just when the hands will stop, at late or early hour. It makes me wonder how come they did not win the war. It is a good idea to have a good visual in front of you to see what is going on. Truthfully, I hate to take apart this movment. I've heard other recommend advancing it until it fails to escape. Verge Saddle is a brass verge saddle that comes bent and machined. This is a conspicuous sound that will indicate the specific pendulum escapement adjustment needed. Contact the Webmaster for perceived copyright infringement (DMCA Registration Number 1010287). How accurate the first verge and foliot clocks were is debatable, with estimates of one to two hours error per day[26][2] being mentioned, although modern experiments with clocks of this construction show accuracies of minutes per day were achievable with enough care in design and maintenance. 9. In a verge pendulum clock (see picture) which appeared after the pendulum was invented in 1656, the escapement was turned 90 so the verge rod was horizontal, while the escape wheel's axis was vertical, located under the verge rod. Is there a rule of thumb on how to properly adjust the depth of the verge?? Between Plates Verge Repair Kit is a between the plates verge repair kit with an assortment of 6 pieces. (Video) VERGE PALLET REPAIR - Microset Timing Equipment - Clock Repair Shop - Vlog 007 - Workshop Wednesday. The verge (or crown wheel) escapement is the earliest known type of mechanical escapement, the mechanism in a mechanical clock that controls its rate by allowing the gear train to advance at regular intervals or 'ticks'. This gets you all 4 clocks in DXF format, the files have been compiled to place the flat profiled parts for each one sheet for each clock. Universal Verge #1 fits: Ansonia School 34T, E.N Welch 30 Hr. The verge escapement caused the foliot to oscillate back and forth about its vertical axis. (Video) How to Set Up Alarm Clock in Amazfit Verge Lite? Most mantel clock hands are friction held. This is particularly evident in verge watches from the mid-18th century onward. Assembled. Place the circular bubble level beneath the pendulum. So the rest of the verge escapement - the Swiss lever system would only emerge later - existed prior to 1675. . Ensure the clock hands are not touching each other. Ok Scottieit's "strip" not "strap". [8][9] There has been speculation that Villard de Honnecourt invented the verge escapement in 1237 with an illustration of a strange mechanism to turn an angel statue to follow the sun with its finger,[10][11] but the consensus is that this was not an escapement. The NAWCC is dedicated to providing association services, promoting interest in and encouraging the collecting of clocks and watches including disseminating knowledge of the same. 866-641-7051 David J. LaBounty, CMC, FBHI. junio 12, 2022. abc news anchors female philadelphia . I'll give it a go. [25] Step 1 Open the access panel of the clock case where the pendulum is located. French watchmakers adopted the thinner cylinder escapement, invented in 1695. Written in simple language and profusely illustrated, "A Practical Course in Horology" will be of considerable utility to novices and The pendulum stops eventually because of air resistance. Escape Wheel & Verge Combo 40 comes as a combination of a 40 tooth escape wheel that measures 32 mm in diameter and the accompanying verge. AboutPressCopyrightContact. Columbia, PA 17512 [2][3] Oscillating timekeepers are used in all modern timepieces. In a verge pendulum clock (see picture) which appeared after the pendulum was invented in 1656, the escapement was turned 90 so the verge rod was horizontal, while the escape wheel's axis was vertical, located under the verge rod. Click to reveal Product # 79-007. Wow - it might take a while to explain that one. Do this for each item you want to cut out. var today = new Date() To achieve this in a verge watch requires the crown wheel to be made very small, magnifying the effects of wear. W. Houtkooper "The Accuracy of the Foliot" Antiquarian Horology Vol. Columbia, PA 17512 Watch on. Each swing of the balance wheel thus allows one tooth of the escape wheel to pass, advancing the wheel train of the clock by a fixed amount, moving the hands forward at a constant rate. In pocketwatches, besides its inaccuracy, the vertical orientation of the crown wheel and the need for a bulky fusee made the verge movement unfashionably thick. This thread illustrates why you should never use external storage sites for pics. (Video) Clock repair for beginners: Setting the verge lock tab, (Video) How to Change Time Format in Xiaomi Amazfit Verge - Personalize Display, (Video) Explanation, how verge escapement works, (Video) Verge and crutch assembly on a clock 20210718 161852, (Video) Porodo Verge Smart Watch Fitness & Health Tracking iOS Android 1.69" HD Touch ,Fitness Activity, (Video) Iron Verge & Foliot Wall Clock Timepiece. What are the parts of a pendulum clock? The escapement is a feedback regulator that controls the speed of a mechanical clock. The verge (or crown wheel) escapement is the earliest known type of mechanical escapement, the mechanism in a mechanical clock that controls its rate by allowing the gear train to advance at regular intervals or 'ticks'. [27][28] Early verge clocks were probably no more accurate than the previous water clocks,[29] but they did not freeze in winter and were a more promising technology for innovation. In England, high end watches went to the duplex escapement, developed in 1782, but inexpensive verge fusee watches continued to be produced until the mid 19th century, when the lever escapement took over. 514 Poplar Street Glad to do it! There are good drawings and diagrams around. Escape Wheel & Verge Combo 31 comes as a combination of a 31 tooth escape wheel that measures 31 mm in diameter and the accompanying verge. testament of youth rhetorical analysis ap lang; MS. 19093, folio 44, French Collection, Bibliothque Nationale, Paris (No. Its origin is unknown. Universal Verge #5 is a universal verge that can be adjusted as required.
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