Bill Hagmaier is a former FBI analyst. His description matches that of the injured "Ted" seen at nearby schools from which several female students had gone missing. Outside of Bundy's case, Hagmaier also worked on the cases of Richard "The Night Stalker" Ramirez and Gary "Green River Killer" Ridgway. Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. All Rights Reserved. "Going through old boxes and things like that, I found an envelope containing Gacy's blood," Cook County Sheriff's Det. It may be a little too late to ask that because on January 24, 1989, he died in Floridas electric chair as he consewuence. Throughout his many trials, Ted Bundy professed his innocence. WebTed Darrell Bundyfrom tree William Long 1795 Family Tree-8feb2022 Record information. And when police put Bundy in a lineup, a woman who had escaped his attack positively identified him, landing him behind bars. BettmannGetty Images. Another serial killer is Jeffrey Dahmer, who was a cannibal. Serial killers have inspired fiction since the days of Jack the Ripper, but there is a handful over whom Hollywood and audiences obsess disproportionately, and Bundy is among them despite not being the most prolific killer in US history Bundy is the third most active, with 25 confirmed murders and many more suspected but not proven. By accepting it, she unwittingly involved the firm in an unsavory million-dollar case that consumed 3 years of her life. When he is in a state of dissociation, he can forget things and there is a lack of connection in his thoughts, according to the article titled Dissociation and Dissociative. However, Bill's dentist had retired and the family proceeded to try to find the dentist," Dart said. Although, not all of these people should be allowed back into society after they have reached their sanity. But charges of evading police aren't enough to keep him detained for long, and Bundy is soon released. All of his victims were young teen boys. He is arrested and charged with attempted kidnapping. LockA locked padlock Per his request, Ted Bundy was cremated. "When Rich, you know, discovered who his brother was, it was a terrible, terrible betrayal for him," she says, adding that Rich is still struggling with this. Born 24 November 1946 - Burlington, Chittenden Co., VT. Deceased 24 January 1989 - Florida Heres every Ted Bundy movie so far, ranked worst and best. Where Is Murdaugh Murders Alex Murdaugh Now? Also starring are Robert Patrick and Aleksa Palladino in supporting roles, but this is very much a two-man affair, with narrative presence for other perspectives more than real characters. Also, as she eventually discovered, when she accepted this project, the offering associate had not apprised the managing partners at her firm of the existence of this case. 2011 CBS Broadcasting Inc. All Rights Reserved. "All my girlfriends wanted to date him. Peter Woodcock lured a 7-year-old boy named Wayne Mallette into torontos exhibition where he then killed him (Bourrie, 2010). He would then use his charm and faked disability to convince his victims to help him carry books or unload objects from his car. As he was investigated more, he has confessed to thirty six plus murderer, and investigator still suspect it to be much more, nonetheless, he killed people for his own satisfaction. On the eve of his execution, he went into great detail on all 30 murders, confirming them on a state-by-state basis. It never quite manages to justify its own existence, offering nothing new to the conversation and also fictionalizing events to the point that it feels grossly unfair. Bundy was born at a home for unwed mothers in Burlington, Vermont, in 1946, according to Biography.com. They also include Hagmaier's personal recollections and his own writings. Extremely Wicked, Shockingly Evil and Vile is a crime drama starring Zac Efron as Bundy, directed by Joe Berlinger, and based on the book The Phantom Prince: My Life with Ted Bundy by Elizabeth Kendall, Bundys former girlfriend. But he did not give up, again December 1977 he escaped and the authorities did not discover till fifteen hours later, giving him a head start to Florida, where he was headed. Following a five-day trial, during which he waived the right to be heard by a jury, Bundy is found guilty of aggravated kidnapping, drawing a one-to-15-year prison sentence. Serial killers are a recurrent topic in movies and TV shows, and the most notorious understandably inspire the healthiest box-office returns, so its no shock there have been many Ted Bundy movies. Ultimately, Bundy was executed on January 24, 1989 in Florida. Over the next decade, authorities in multiple states learned that Bundy was a serial killer, murdering young women throughout the country, including Utah. The infamous killer was played by Michael Reilly Burke (Mars Attacks! He received three death sentences for the Florida 1978 murders of Kimberly Dianne Leach, 12, Lisa Levy, 20, and Margaret Elizabeth Bowman, 21, and was executed on January 24, 1989. In the late hours of August 16, 1996, two young men, Daryl Renard Atkins and William Jones, both drunk and high off of marijuana, kidnapped twenty-one-year-old Eric Nesbitt. The Deliberate Stranger is a TV movie based on the book Bundy: The Deliberate Stranger by reporter Richard W. Larsen, published in 1980. Bundy explained that Donald Hiss, Alger's brother, worked with him at Covington & Burling. Bettmann/Getty ImagesFlorida State Universitys Chi Phi fraternity celebrates the death of Ted Bundy with a large banner that says Watch Ted Fry, See Ted Die!. That call was just devastating for her. ''Ted Bundy was a complex man who somewhere along the line went wrong,'' said Jerry Blair, a state prosecutor in one of the murders, according to The New York Times. Following a trial that ended with a guilty verdict and three death sentences, Ted Bundy was executed at Florida State Prison on Jan. 24, 1989. Related: The True Story That Inspired Texas Chainsaw Massacre. "And to help bring some sort of closure and maybe peace to a family is something we are all hopeful for.". A search of the vehicle yielded masks, handcuffs, rope, and other nefarious items, but nothing definitively linking him to the crimes. This site can't be used for employment, credit or tenant screening, or any related purpose. Hagmaier also served as the executive director of the International Homicide Investigators Association (IHIA). Join half a million readers enjoying Newsweek's free newsletters, Elijah Wood and Luke Kirby portray Bill Hagmaier and Ted Bundy respectively in No Man of God, Everyone Practices Cancel Culture | Opinion, Deplatforming Free Speech is Dangerous | Opinion. He was sadistic, which means he drove pleasure from inflicting pain upon others. His personality was a huge juxtaposition to the utterly inhuman ferocity of his acts, which is in part why it took so long to pin him to the murders, and this Jekyll-and-Hyde dissonance further breeds easily exploitable audience curiosity. William George Bundy was born on October 22, 1957 and was reported missing in October of 1976. His brother, McGeorge Bundy (19191996), also attended Yale and was a member of Skull and Bones. Over the years, we've learned a lot about the life of Ted Bundy, including the family he left behind. 's "True Hollywood Story": The lovebirds had a jailhouse marriage. This paper will go one to talk about his early life, first victims, killing spree, arrest and imprisonment, and also his death. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Born Nov. 24, 1946, Ted Bundy was 42 years old when he was executed. As a first-year associate with a prestigious Washington, D.C. law firm, the Ms. Nelson was offered, by a more senior associate, the "opportunity" to represent Ted Bundy as a pro bono project. Despite sitting with Bundy the evening before his execution, Hagmaier chose not to attend. Ted Bundy is a name that continues to strike fear and fascination in many. The break in this case came when investigators got two phone calls with information about Bundy's disappearance. Bundy's ultimate confession came after all appeal avenues regarding his execution date were exhausted. Thankfully Gacys insanity was ignored and he was sentenced to death. You will know that Ted Bundy was a sadistic serial killer whose cruelty knew no bounds, and you will know that Bob Keppel is the dedicated homicide investigator who initially spent half a decade hunting Bundy, and who, later in his brilliant Who is Ted Bundy? Shes stayed out of the spotlight ever since Boone and Bundy split up in 1986 and her whereabouts today are unknown. Technologically, its much harder. Police have new tools like touch DNA, forensic profiling, and familial DNA. Cameras are more ubiquitous. Softwar Do the principles of "Trait" theories explain his behaviors? I am surprised she talked to him at all. That is, until now. Related: How Netflix's Ted Bundy Documentary & Movie Are Different (& Which Is Better). Somewhat rightly accused of exploitation of the material - and the victims, without a thought to giving them a voice - there's a little too much appreciation for the cult of Bundy without a great deal of showing him for what he really was. What Is Jenna Ortega's Net Worth In 2023? 5. Bundy lived at the house from 1974 to 1975 while committing his first murders. WebThe talks are the focus of the new film. Ok, to start off answering this question we should underline the weakest competitor; this is by no doubt Jeffrey Dahmer. Unlike our other three con Moran found three vials of the serial killer's blood and Gacy's DNA has since been sent to the national DNA database. Nor did it stop all of us from asking some truly disturbing questions about who Ted Bundy was and what motivated him to commit such heinous acts. Where Is 'Murdaugh Murders' Morgan Doughty Now? But Bundy dropped out of Senn High School and began doing electrical work. But it was that intelligence and charm that enabled him to reel in his unsuspecting prey and revealed him for what he really was: a sadistic monster. While Ted Bundy hasfor better or worsebecome a household name, most people probably dont realize that he had siblings. Ted Bundy died at 7:16 a.m. on Jan. 24, 1989. Bundys handsome and charismatic appearance made it possible for him to easily win the confidence of young women who were always his targets. Off the bat, Bundy complains to Judge Edward Cowart about the conditions of his prison cell, paving the way for a bizarre month of proceedings, during which he bickers with his counsel, takes the reins to cross-examine a police officer and sits for testimony while referring to himself in the third person. Born in 1917 and raised in Boston, Massachusetts, he came from a family long involved in Republican politics. "Once they did, they found that the dentist had destroyed all his dental records.". They belonged to Ted Bundy who was taken into custody. Bundys sisters are still alive and they "just don't talk about it," Wood tells Women's Health. Ted Bundy was born on November 24, 1946 in Burlington, Vermont and grew up to be a charming, articulate, and intelligent young man. This content is imported from poll. Finally, on Jan. 24, 1989, he was executed by electric chair at Florida State Prison. Elijah Wood plays former profiler Bill Hagmaier in the new film 'No Man of God,' while Ted Bundy is portrayed by Luke Kirby in the film that focuses on the talks the Spotsylvania resident had with the serial killer. Except for the Bundy case, there have been no matches yet. There's also an element of Keppel being dragged in a little too much, which promises more interest than it delivers. Lynda Ann Healy, another UW undergrad, disappears from her off-campus home in the early morning hours, leaving behind a carefully made bed with blood on the pillow. Subsequently, after sentenced to death for 12 of 33 known murders, Gacy received a secondary psychiatric evaluation which determined that John was a paranoid schizophrenic with multiple personality disorder. "He had this vulnerability and this big trust and he looked up to [Ted]," Wood explains. Johnnie eventually adopted Ted, and he took his last name. In his high school years, Ted became more socially aware and comfortable, and as a result his popularity grew. According to the book Killer Clown: The John Wayne Gacy Murders by Sullivan and Maiken, Gacy said that, "his first killing took place in January, 1972, and the second in January, 1974, about a year and a half after his marriage." He further confessed that he would lure his victims into being handcuffed and then he would sexually assault them. Upon his first arrest on charges of sodomy, John received a psychiatric evaluation which concluded that he, in fact, suffered from antisocial personality disorder. And this time, Bundy wouldnt escape. This got Gacy very near to his possible future victims. He exhibited extreme shyness, preferring to spend most of his time alone. One month later, the jury finds Bundy guilty once again. WebShe is best known for The Stranger Beside Me (1980), about the serial killer Ted Bundy, with whom Rule worked and whom she considered a friend, but was later revealed to be a murderer. The story begins in 1969, when Bundy and Elizabeth met, and is told through her perspective, covering his journey all the way to his imprisonment. Ted Bundy's Brother Speaks Out In New Docuseries, serial killer who killed more than 30 women in the mid 1970s, Bundys former girlfriend Elizabeth Kendall, Your Privacy Choices: Opt Out of Sale/Targeted Ads. He had key roles in planning the Vietnam War, serving as deputy to Paul Nitze under Kennedy and as Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific affairs under Johnson. In just four years between 1974 and 1978, Ted Bundy raped and murdered some 30 women across seven states before engaging in necrophilia with many of their corpses. But remember, he was a Republican.. By Starr Bowenbank. Gacy had about 33 victims, but as always when talking about serial killers there might be more victims but we just dont know. That assessment is thoroughly justified: the Ted Bundy 2002 movie's commitment to bothering with the truth, again, is questionable at best, suggesting that lots of these movies have more stock in the idea of Bundy over the truth of the matter. Born on November 24, 1946, Ted Bundy was an American serial killer who raped, kidnapped, and murdered approximately 30 girls and women throughout the mid-1970s. Hagmaier went onto become the chief of the National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime, helping to shape the FBI's profiling database. I talked him through it, the mechanics of it.". Mother xxxxxx xxxxxx(1891-xxxx) 14982People4Records4Sources John Theodore "Ted" Bundyfound in 9 treesView all John Theodore "Ted" Bundyfrom tree Brown Family Tree Record information. "He struck me as being a rather shy person with a lot more going on under the surface than what was on the surface. The fact that Gacy was able to gain so much trust with young childrens parents that they let Gacy perform as a clown at different events is amazing and quite scary. Furthermore, Bundy was educated, making it to the honor roll at the University of Washington before enrolling at the University of Puget Sound School Of Law. Ted Bundy was on death row in Florida for nine years, following his death sentence in early 1980. But Ted Bundys death surely did little to provide closure for the families of his victims. During World War II, he left to join the Army Signal Corps. Bundy was a cunning and charming psychopath who kidnapped, raped, and murdered more than 30 women in seven states between 1974 and 1978. From there, Bundys childhood proved turbulent. After attending Groton School and Yale University (where he was one of the first presidents of the Yale Political Union and a member of Skull and Bones), Bundy entered Harvard Law School. Bundy moved to academia, teaching at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Ted Bundy Murders: Timeline of His Reign of Terro, Idaho Murders: What Led Police to Bryan Kohberger, Invisible Monsters: Serial Killers in America, Breaking into FSU's Chi Omega sorority house, Your Privacy Choices: Opt Out of Sale/Targeted Ads. ''He killed for the sheer thrill of the act and the challenge of escaping his pursuers.". Bundy was played by Cary Elwes, known for his roles in The Princess Bride, Saw (also inspired by a true story), and Stranger Things. While the women closest to Bundy managed to avoid his homicidal rages, the notorious killer admitted after his final arrest in Florida that Kloepfer had almost made his list of victims, according to Kloepfer's book Florida State Universitys Chi Phi fraternity celebrates the death of Ted Bundy with a large banner that says Watch Ted Fry, See Ted Die!. WebWilliam George "Bill" Bundy (October 22, 1957 - October 26, 1976) was a young adult who was murdered in 1976 by John Wayne Gacy. He was then sentenced to 15 life sentences in prison, which were going to be run consecutively, with a 16th term added on in May. John Wayne Gacy murdered and raped 33 young men from the Chicago area then plead and Gacy was found insane. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. It was a package that seemingly made him quite the catch for his female acquaintances. Sign up forOxygen Insiderfor all the best true crime content. Women's Health may earn commission from the links on this page, but we only feature products we believe in. An official website of the United States government, Department of Justice. WebTed Bundy and The Zodiac Killer are well-known individuals that are often mentioned when speaking about infamous serial killers. The serial killer had a wife named Carole Ann Boone, and while he was incarcerated, she gave birth to their daughter, Rose Bundy. It's a hard one to get hold of, but it doesn't really justify the effort. The detective heading the operation made another discovery some weeks ago. Nonetheless,and as unfortunate as it it, people like bundy exist today, some yet to be discovered. In 1960, Bundy took a leave of absence from the CIA to serve as staff director for Eisenhower's Commission on National Goals. John Wayne Gacy had an abusive childhood and struggled with his sexuality at a very young age, which these factors helped him become the person he did. Bundy was jailed in Utah in 1975 for aggravated kidnapping and attempted criminal assault, which unchained a series of suspicions for more serious crimes. Ted Bundy confessed to killing 30 women in California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Utah, Colorado, and Florida in the years leading up to his final arrest in 1978. 19, the number given to him as an identifier because he was the 19th victim removed from Gacy's home Bundy grew up in Chicago in a home on North Claremont Avenue. He'd sometimes also pretend to have an impairment to more easily gain their trust and was a master manipulator, coming across as suave and sophisticated. It's directed by Amber Sealey and written by C. Robert Cargill (Sinister, Doctor Strange). During the last months of their relationship, Bundy had already begun raping and murdering his first victims though Kloepfer is believed to have had no knowledge of this at the time. Search via addresses, names, ages, and more and browse through 10 pages of results. However, he pulled off two dramatic escapes from prison in Colorado in 1977 before fleeing to Florida. Personal Photos via The TimesThough we may never know the full truth about what Ted Bundy did, hes believed to have killed some 30 women in total. READ MORE: How Ted Bundys Education Facilitated His Career as a Serial Killer. ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Feb 12, 2019. He is extradited to Aspen, Colorado, in early 1977 to stand trial. In addition, Gacys mother was physically abused as well throughout her marriage and during the childrens upbringing. Bundy was able to rape and murder scores of women this way. Best Travel Backpacks For Every Type Of Traveler, Everything (!!!) Once they got to his 1968 tan Volkswagen Beetle, he would strike them over the head with a crowbar or pipe. "He did not want to give the state the satisfaction of watching him die," Hagmaier said. This book includes a look at the many sides of Bundy's personality, many of which the public never saw. The title of the movie is a reference to judge Edward Cowarts (played by John Malkovich) remarks on Bundys crimes while sentencing him to death. In fact, Bundy proposed to Boone in court in Brought to Orlando for his second murder trial in a half-year span, Bundy is undone by the testimony of a firefighter who had seen the suspect lead the 12-year-old to his van and the matching clothing fibers found on both the alleged killer and victim. His mother, Eleanor Louise Cowell (known as Louise), considered putting him up for adoption, but was eventually talked out of it by her father, Sam Cowell. Whether its recent revelations from those who knew him best or newly-surfaced recordings, the truth about who Ted Bundy was continues to come out decades after his murders shocked America. No Man of God is out in U.S. theatres now. WebBy accepting it, she unwittingly involved the firm in an unsavory million-dollar case that consumed 3 years of her life. You may be able to find the same content in another format, or you may be able to find more information, at their web site. In August 1943 he led the nine-man 6813th Signals Security Detachment to the UK secret code breaking 'Government Code and Cipher School' at Bletchley Park. Bundy used his charms and "boy next door" good looks to conceal his heinous intentions and the fact that he was a killer and necrophile, capable of abducting, mutilating and sexually abusing his victims. At the time she was offered this opportunity, Ms. Nelson was unaware of the notoriety of this case. He told The Associated Press: "The bottom line was, he said, 'I did it because I enjoyed doing it and I wanted to do it" on the first anniversary of Bundy's death. Ted Bundy was originally born in Vermont to a single mother, Eleanor Louise Cowell. All That's Interesting is a Brooklyn-based digital publisher that seeks out stories that illuminate the past, present, and future. Bundy had removed the passenger seat and often stored it in the backseat or trunk, leaving an empty space on the floor for his victim to lie out of sight as he drove away. .css-26w0xw{display:block;font-family:NationalBold,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-weight:bold;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-26w0xw:hover{color:link-hover;}}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-26w0xw{font-size:1.18581rem;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:0.625rem;}}@media(min-width: 40.625rem){.css-26w0xw{line-height:1.2;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-26w0xw{font-size:1.28598rem;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:0rem;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-26w0xw{font-size:1.575rem;line-height:1.1;margin-bottom:-0.5rem;}}How To Avoid Unexpected Health Bills, 'Murdaugh Murders' Mallory Beach: Her Life & Death, This 6-In-1 Vacuum Is $400 Off On Amazon RN. WebHe was not. WebIn the case of Ted Bundy, there are reports his grandfather (whom he lived with in adolescence) beat his grandmother and the family dog, spoke loud to unseen presences, and went into wild rages. That was his way of telling her. Crime News is your destination for true crime stories from around the world, breaking crime news, and information about Oxygen's original true crime shows and documentaries. However, after multiple escapes from justice, he was ultimately captured for the last time in 1978. "[4], After finishing law school in 1947, Bundy joined the Washington-based law firm of Covington and Burling. Ted Bundy was a serial killer notorious for kidnapping, raping, and murdering up to 36 women. His daughter Rose is presumably still alive and believed to be 38 years old, though nothing is known publicly of her whereabouts. Though we may never know exactly how many, some half-dozen women have come forward with stories of close calls with Bundy. This psychopath terrorized the people of Wisconsin and Ohio for thirteen years. Oxygen Insider is your all-access pass to never-before-seen content, free digital evidence kits, and much more! His crimes were truly disgusting, and as much as their depravity makes them harrowing to consider, it makes them equally compelling fodder for filmmakers wanting to create a monster movie about one from real life. Adrienne is very into films and she enjoys a bit of everything: from superhero films to heartbreaking dramas, to low-budget horror films. 5.1 Aileen. WebTed Bundy was born on November 24, 1946 in Burlington, Vermont and grew up to be a charming, articulate, and intelligent young man. I'm going to take you where no policeman has ever gone before.' "Today's terribly sad, but it is also a day that provides closure," O'Leary said. Allowed access to the law library at Aspen's Pitkin County Courthouse, an unshackled and unguarded Bundy leaps from a second-floor window and heads into the mountains. The Capture of the Green River Killer is a two-part TV movie that focuses on the story of the Green River killer serial murders between 1982 and 1998. No, they just shared the same last name. Furthermore, Bundy wasnt actually Teds surname at birth, he was born Theodore Robert Cowell, the illegit Her remains are found a year later, alongside those of other women, outside Seattle on Taylor Mountain. Bundy's most noted work is A Tangled Web: The Making of Foreign Policy in the Nixon Presidency (1998). Theodore Robert Bundy was an infamous serial killer who confessed to brutally murdering over 30 women. The intelligent, engaging law student murdered at least 20 women in a spree that spanned the country until his arrest in 1979. Just days before his execution, Bundy confessed to 30 murders during a series of interviews with Stephen Michaud and Hugh Aynesworth, which were the basis for Netflix's Conversations with a Killer: The Ted Bundy Tapes docuseries as well as Elijah Wood's No Man Of God. Did he deserve to die when he kill only almost 40 people? In Idaho, Bundy confessed to killing two with one female victim unidentified and he admitted to killing one woman in California, whose identity remains unknown today. Biography and associated logos are trademarks of A+E Networksprotected in the US and other countries around the globe. In 1972 he moved to Princeton University, where he served as a professor for the rest of his life. Eleanor also claimed that a veteran by the name of Jack Worthington could also be his father. Gacy was mentally and physically abused by his father daily. We may earn commission from links on this page, but we only recommend products we back. The Ted Bundy obsession Hollywood has can be explained. But, like the remains of the seven other unidentified victims, they were removed earlier this year and compared to DNA samples submitted by Bundy's sister, and his brother, Robert. He raped or murdered at least six more victims, five of them Florida State University students, before he was apprehended again for a traffic violation on February 15, 1978. I just knew it," O'Leary said. Having both parents present on John Gacys life didnt mean an easier childhood. His success in finding and slaughtering his prey was often due to his meticulous planning and preparation. 4.2 John Wayne Gacy Print Family Tree. He killed four women in 1974, and in 1975 had a near-miss with police who At Abercrombie Is On Sale RN, Shop Amazon's Gardening Sale Before Spring. When you first think of a serial killer or you think of a psychopath you realize that they both have something in common even though they have different words to describe similar characteristics of a monster. Over a four-year period in the 1970s, Bundy abducted, bludgeoned and killed at least 20 women, with dozens more also possibly meeting a gruesome end at his hands. John Wayne Gacy was a very dark and perverse man. While classification systems vary, most agree that this puts Bundy well above average and close to genius level. In my opinion Id go with Richard Ramirez, he doesnt have the numbers that Bundy has but Ramirez was evil to the core. He would rape wifes in fro Learn how and when to remove this template message, Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs, "Memorandum on the Potsdam Conference to David D Lloyd", "William P. Bundy, 83, Dies; Advised 3 Presidents on American Policy in Vietnam", William P. Bundy Papers at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University, Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Bundy&oldid=1139872973, Members of the Steering Committee of the Bilderberg Group, People associated with Covington & Burling, Assistant Secretaries of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from June 2013, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 17 February 2023, at 08:39.