469654 >>469652 even african 'people' look better than this monster "[90], With the rise of the Kuru Kingdom a process of Sanskritization started which influenced all of India, with the populations of the north of the Indian subcontinent predominantly speaking the Indo-Aryan languages.[91]. Many times these lungis are tube-shaped and tied around the waist, and can be easily tied above the knees for more strenuous activities. [126] In South India various types of martial arts are practised like Kalaripayattu and Silambam. There was scarcity of white women, too, resulted in the traffic in women. However, these invaders (AIT), in addition to carrying out destruction and creating slavery, have provided Vedic history and culture and Vedic language Sanskrit, with a Caste System as the 'Jewel in the Crown'. The stature is usually short or below medium. The Jesuits and other Christian missionaries were there too. Traditional dress of Dravidian women is typical of most Indian women, that of the sari. Medieval South Indian guilds and trading organisations like the "Ayyavole of Karnataka and Manigramam" played an important role in the Southeast Asia trade,[27] and the cultural Indianisation of the region. GS Paper 1 Syllabus: Indian Culture Source: The Hindu Context: Governor of Tamil Nadu was recently criticised for his views on the Aryan-Dravidian divide. Dravidians are in fact the original inhabitants of India, the Aryans were Pastoral Herders from Kazakhstan and Siberia [code ](Andronovo culture)[/ This sari consists of a cloth wrapped around the waist and draped over the shoulder. I am, perhaps, missing the point, Ben, that you are trying to make, please clarify. The Portuguese already had a foot-hold in Goa, the Capital of their Eastern Empire. He notes that there are two scenarios for the origin and spread of Dravidians. There were good reasons, for the Biblical Great Flood in 2350 BC, as well as the submergence of the Dwarica due to rise in the sea level around 3050 BC, and even the Ram Setu (Adam's Bridge) being under water for the same reasons. Ancient Dravidian religion constituted of an animistic and non-Vedic form of religion which may have influenced the gamas, Vedic and non-Vedic texts[92] which post-date the Vedic texts. South-Central Dravidian (except Telugu) and Brahui use the first form, *-(n)k(k)a; Central Dravidian and Tulu use the second and third forms; Telugu uses the second alone; and South Dravidian uses the third alone. The river had dried up even before the arrival of the Illiterates. In the case of the Indus script, all the above factors were unavailable to the linguists, and they could not think of any other way, until the arrival of Dr. S R Rao, N Jha, and Rajaram on the scene after the independence. I must inform you, Ben, that Aryan Invasion Theory (AIT), has become part of the subject 'history', and is being taught to children all over the world. The Portuguese had their Eastern Empire whose capital was Goa. The name Dravida is the name of the people speaking a Examples are the Madisar, specific to Tamil Brahmin Community, and the Mundum Neriyathum. If the system in South-Central and Central Dravidian is understood to reflect the retention of the parent language, the shift of meaning in the plural in the other languages can be explained as a natural one from men to men and women (mixed groups) to women (exclusively), thus generalizing the meaning to any human group. WebThe difference between the so-called Aryans of the north and Dravidians of the south is not a racial division. Because of contact with Hindi and Bengali, Kurukh and Malto introduced gender distinction in the first and second persons also. [109] The temples of the Sangam days, mainly of Madurai, seem to have had priestesses to the deity, which also appears predominantly as a goddess. South Asian Studies, 13(1), pp 8797. [9], The origins of the Dravidians are a "very complex subject of research and debate". I hope, there are many more like you and who also share. What tasks were allocated to the Shudras? WebThe features of the people of this race are a broad head? Even though, the the system originally was flexible, based upon one's inclinations (varna), it has in the last 175 years, crystallized into an inflexible system (by birth). They had figures of humans and animals and a very short inscription of a few letters each, in an UNKNOWN script, which has been called the Indus or Harappan script. Murugan (also known as Seyyon) was glorified as the red god seated on the blue peacock, who is ever young and resplendent, as the favoured god of the Tamils. The megaliths of Hanamsagar, Vibhulitihalli in Karnataka, Asota in Pakistan, Pankri Barwadih and Rola in Jharkhand confirm that on contrary to popular notions these sciences were known to the tribals thousand of years prior to the Brahmin astronomers who built these primitive megalithic observatories to observe the transits of the celestial bodies as the sun much in the line of the World Heritage megaliths of Stonehenge, Newgrange and Callanish in UK (these too were erected for the same purpose). The largest Dravidian ethnic groups are the Telugus from Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, the Tamils from Tamil Nadu, Sri Lanka, Malaysia and Singapore, the Kannadigas from Karnataka, the Malayalis from Kerala, and the Tulu people from Karnataka. Siddhanta Publications. The linguistic evidence for Dravidian impact grows increasingly strong as we move from the Samhitas down through the later Vedic works and into the classical post-Vedic literature. Either an origin from the Indus Valley region which is based on genetic data as well as archaeological and linguistic evidence, in which proto-Dravidian was spread by peoples of the IVC, or from the pre-Indus groups of eastern peninsular India, which would be consistent with vocabulary about flora and fauna of peninsular India. [24][note 2][25] Later, a component termed "AASI", found to be the predominant element in ASI, was distinguished in subsequent studies. Many literary works were composed in Carnatic style and it soon spread wide in the Dravidian regions. "Out of Eden' by Stephen Oppenheimer is in respect of spread of humanity many many millions of years ago, when even the earth's plates may be in different positions. It was those seals that Alexander Cunningham had found in the rubble in 1856, started to multiply in thousands in the archaeological digs that were carried out since 1922. Web0:00 / 7:44 Aryans vs. Dravidians" is a Myth | Dr. Subramanian Swamy ji The Festival of Bharat 275K subscribers Subscribe 653K views 4 years ago #Dravidian #Aryan The The lungi is usually everyday dress, used for doing labour while dhoti is used for more formal occasions. A very interesting story about Agatsya Muni would explain the meaning of the word 'dravid'. Aryans have mingled with the authentic Indian population, so no one can be characterized as a pure Dravidian or as a pure Aryan. Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar was an intellectual warrior. Stupid me, they were from a planet out in space! "[7] Krishnamurti further states that South Dravidian I (including pre-Tamil) and South Dravidian II (including pre-Telugu) split around the eleventh century BCE, with the other major branches splitting off at around the same time. One cannot have a better example of the historicity of the event that occurred few years after, as well as the scientific knowledge to be able to forecast an event with such accuracy. Ira-q means land of rivers, and also, we have a name for a river, Iravati. A C Bouquet in Comparative Religion - They were people very much the type of our Scandinavian fore-fathers, hard-fighting, heavy-drinking folk. Swami Vivekananda %3E In connection with this I want to discuss one question which it has a particular bearing with regard to Madras. There is a th White skinned people of the world are late comers. Was the mingling with the 'war-like Aryans (Van Loon)' voluntary or forced? With the growing influence of Persian and Sufi music on Indian music, a clear distinction in style appeared from the 12th century onwards. The mounds of earth, that covered bones and skeletons of the indigenous, now unearthed highly developed cities with all the facilities for the residents. The debate over the Aryan-Dravidian Distinction: Aryan Invasion and Migration Theory: This theory which has been floated by the British has attributed to the Aryan- Dravidian distinction and has been always been contested by the political class. The white race that entered India was called Aryan, because they came via Iran. [77] Yet, according to Krishnamurti, Dravidian languages may have reached south India before Indo-Aryan migrations. Has the British rule anything to do with the creation of Aryans and Dravidians? Dravidian visual art is dominated by stylised temple architecture in major centres, and the production of images on stone and bronze sculptures. [72], Linguist Asko Parpola writes that the Indus script and Harappan language are "most likely to have belonged to the Dravidian family". While Pali and Prakrits were not used by Brahmins, both Pali and Prakrits were IndoAryan languages and ultimately derived from Vedic Sanskrit, which seems to have been brought by MLBA-rich people from Central Asia. [73] Parpola led a Finnish team in investigating the inscriptions using computer analysis. He also looked for the word 'arya' (Aryan), and possible meaning attached to it. Oriental Institute, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda. Aryan and Dravidian was the British colonial propaganda, they used this theory to attack basic of Hinduism and Indian nationalism. No such thing ha The reconstruction for 9, however, has some problems. He found the word ARYA used 33 times in the whole scripture, and in each case, the use did not refer to an ethnicity or a race. Proto-Dravidian may have been spoken in the Indus civilization, suggesting a "tentative date of Proto-Dravidian around the early part of the third millennium",[7] after which it branched into various Dravidian languages. A C Bouquet, in his book, Comparative Religion (Pub. Gandhari was from Gandhar (Afghanistan), Madri was from Madrid (Spain); Muni Pulestin went to the area now known as Palestine and Rishi Tamas settled on the banks of the river Thames; Russia was Rishi-alaya, and America was Amarice-puri; the river Mekong was Ma Ganga, and river Nile was Nil Ganga; the scriptures clearly, have indicated that the Sapt-Rishis went to every corner of the world to transmit knowledge and help the communities. Original Sanskrit scriptures are only found in India. He clarifies that 'it was by no means did the Portuguese enjoy a monopoly. land without rivers. [94], Chola-style temples consist almost invariably of the three following parts, arranged in differing manners, but differing in themselves only according to the age in which they were executed:[121], Besides these, a south Indian temple usually has a tank called the Kalyani or Pushkarni to be used for sacred purposes or the convenience of the priests dwellings for all the grades of the priesthood are attached to it, and other buildings for state or convenience. The Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple located in Indian state of Tamil Nadu is often considered as the largest functioning Hindu temple in the world. In the plural the masculine pronoun was *aw-ar men (which could include women when referring to mixed groups) and non-masculine *aw-ay others (women, other animates, or things). India was no Americas - India had to deal with invasion for centuries. (2011), their research on lactose tolerance in India suggests that "the west Eurasian genetic contribution identified by Reich et al. I assume the ratio of 72% of the fair-skinned population of India, is based on the present population figures. Revision - Guess-work needs to be discarded and correct history needs to be taught in schools. Malayalis are native to Kerala and Lakshadweep, but are also found in Puducherry and parts of Tamil Nadu. Drunk Driving: Awake at the Wheel. Wouldn't you wonder how did this mega change occur in just 175 years? Who ever came from the West is being given the credit for introducing cattle and horses in India. In Mahabharata, Bhishma claimed that southerners are skilled with sword-fighting in general and Sahadeva was chosen for the conquest of the southern kingdoms due to his swordsmanship. It is now a general knowledge that the river did exist, supported by the scientific researches, satellite photography and carbon dating etc that have been carried out. The historians wanted to create knowledge credibility for these Illiterates (Frawley's Paradox). The historians treated Persia as one of the transit points to India. Whether, one considered the area of origin around the Caspian Sea, or the foothills of the Caucasus, or any part of Russia or Europe, most of the areas were depopulated because of ice. The historians toiled for decades now,to locate their own ancestors, who could be the supposed owners of a Mother Tongue, that became a basis for, at least, all the Indo-European languages. The journey was going on smoothly, suddenly they came across an obstacle - a competion was on between Mount Vindhya and Mount Meru - who is the tallest? WebDravidian and Indo-Aryan (Indo-Iranian) are language groups, not clans or cultures. Max Muller and the historians were tied up in knots with the Christian chronology. The Europeans observed that many of the Sanskrit words had uncanny resemblance to the words in many of the European languages. This expression is now come to be known as Frawley's Paradox'. The lungi consists of a colourful checked cotton cloth. [23] According to Horen Tudu, "many academic researchers have attempted to connect the Dravidians with the remnants of the great Indus Valley civilisation, located in Northwestern India but [i]t is mere speculation that the Dravidians are the ensuing postIndus Valley settlement of refugees into South and Central India. [25] They were preceded by a mixture of AASI (Ancient Ancestral South Indian, i.e. Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia, Non-resident Indian and Overseas Citizen of India, History and Archaeology, Volume 1, Issues 12, "200-Year Drought Doomed Indus Valley Civilization", "The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia", "A-11 Individual Scheduled Tribe Primary Census Abstract Data and its Appendix", "Global Religious Populations, 19102010", "Do you speak Telugu? He further states that, 'by the year 1619 AD, a million or more black slaves had already been brought to the Spanish and Portuguese colonies in the Caribbean and South America'. It is pointed out that 'the word Aryans was brutally used by Hitler during world war second to attain exclusion of Jews and other ethnicities (2nd para). This book should provide some information about the origin of the people, about their journey to the Promise Land, and about their deeds to uplift the dire situation of the indigenous people. The final -n and -m represent singular and plural. [25] According to Narasimhan et al., this mixed population, which probably was native to the Indus Valley Civilisation, contributed significantly to both the ANI and ASI, the formation of which took shape during the 2nd millennium BCE. In this particular case, the horse was injured in the rib-cage, and the instructions are being given to the expert - vaidya, to treat the 34 ribs with care for its recovery. They are fair, dark with characteristically large eyes. Thread: Aryan vs Dravidians - A Myth by Dr. Dr. Subramanian Swamy. Webmeaning of boo boo in a relationship Search. These conquerors were interested in conquering parts in North India, dismantling the local cultures and pushing the indigenous Dravidian tribes of Dravidians towards thesouth. The European breed is known as Taurine (Bos Taurus). Thus when the Aryans the Invisibles, sorry, the Invincible, came to India, the river did not exist. [21][75][76] The Indus Valley Civilisation seemed to slowly lose their urban cohesion, and their cities were gradually abandoned during the late Harappan period, followed by eastward migrations before the Indo-Aryan migration into the Indian subcontinent. A third inscription in Kanheri Caves refers to a Dhamila-gharini (Tamil house-holder). The author misses out on the tribal factor for reasons better known to him. Aryans have a north Indian accent whereas Dravidians have a south Indian accent. Van Loon, like any other historians, avoided to answer any questions regarding their original home, nor about the language they spoke. The English trading community too, had their presence around 1600. Both southern and northern groups are most similar to each other, but also show deep relations to populations of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. Prof. M Witzel has shown great courage in agreeing this change. [120] The Agamas are a collection of Tamil and Sanskrit scriptures chiefly constituting the methods of temple construction and creation of murti, worship means of deities, philosophical doctrines, meditative practices, attainment of sixfold desires and four kinds of yoga. [88] According to Erdosy, the most plausible explanation for the presence of Dravidian structural features in Old Indo-Aryan is that the majority of early Old Indo-Aryan speakers had a Dravidian mother tongue which they gradually abandoned. The Dravidian languages have a decimal system. Dravidian languages use subjectobjectverb (SOV) word order; the verb occupies the final position in a sentence, a characteristic that is also true of the Indo-Aryan languages. Six languages are currently recognized by India as Classical languages and four of them are Dravidian languages Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam. ANSWER : Difference between Aryans and Dravidians as elucidated. The people of India belong to different races and have gained appreciation for their physical traits. The nominative (subject noun) case is not represented by any suffix. community services, construction services, building of palaces and temples and art-work, etc. The details about the horse is very interesting, too. [114][116] In north India, Brihat-samhita by Varhamihira is the widely cited ancient Sanskrit manual from the 6th century describing the design and construction of Nagara-style Hindu temples. We don't demand any better! According to David McAlpin and his Elamo-Dravidian hypothesis, the Dravidian languages were brought to India by immigration into India from Elam (not to be confused with Eelam), located in present-day southwestern Iran. He looked at the sound system of South Arabic and Old Aramaic age-wise, compared with the Indus script, and bingo, Dr Rao managed to decipher the Indus Script, and the outcome has been accepted, among others, by the University of California, Berkeley, in 1986. Around this time, Dravidians encountered Muslim traders, and the first Tamil Muslims and Sri Lankan Moors appeared. Thus, the statement that we stated off with is not applicable to the people of South India. The two groups (ANI and ASI) extensively mixed in India between 4,200 and 1,900 years ago (2200 BCE 100 CE). 1942), it is stated that 'it is important to remember that Aryan denotes the primary language, from which many different ancient and modern languages are descended'. This system is preserved by the languages of Central Dravidian and South-Central Dravidian (other than Telugu). reComparison, reCompare, ComparisonEngine and the "vs" symbol are trademarks of MicroTier, Inc, Sign
The sculpture dating from the Chola period has become notable as a symbol of Hinduism. Prakrit. Most of the names of hills, rivers, villages and towns particularly in North India are austric (Mundaric/tribal)in origin and not in Indo-Aryan languages. There may not be any archaeological proofs (none what so ever)which testifies the historicity of the Mahabharata and the Ramayana but that India was completely a tribal country can be easily be proved by the remains of the numerous prehistoric tribal megaliths that is scattered all over the country. Biologically bo th the north and south Indians are of the same Caucasian race, only when closer to the equator the skin becomes darker, and under the influence of constant heat the bodily frame tends to become a little smaller. Toda and Erukala (a dialect of Tamil) of South Dravidian and Brahui of North Dravidian have lost gender and preserved only number. "[57], Asko Parpola, who regards the Harappans to have been Dravidian, notes that Mehrgarh (7000BCE to c. 2500BCE), to the west of the Indus River valley,[58] is a precursor of the Indus Valley Civilisation, whose inhabitants migrated into the Indus Valley and became the Indus Valley Civilisation. In Sanskrit, the word 'arya' means noble. Ritual worship was also given to kings. It is the truth, when the praise comes from an enemy. [8] South Dravidian I (including pre-Tamil) and South Dravidian II (including pre-Telugu) split around the eleventh century BCE, with the other major branches splitting off at around the same time. The Aryans had no word for brick in their language. The SUN is the culprit providing darker skin to the people, living along the equatorial belt,to be able to tolerate the stronger rays. of Education, to accept a major change, such as calling 'Aryan invasion' a migration into India. The Brahmins (7% of the Hindu population), Kshatriya and Vaishyas (23%) and the Shudras (70%), all had tasks allocated to them. Thus, today, Aztec, Inca and Mayan civilizations are in name only. The word Aryan has been related to 'white men like Semites' by Van Loon, 'Nordics" by Bouquet and 'people of different blood' by Weech. A question would naturally arise in your mind - when did the Aryans developed the language Sanskrit and gifted it to the people of India? In ancient times there were ankams, public duels to the death, to solve disputes between opposing rulers. In my opinion, yes. What do you think we are? [30] In Amaravati in present-day Andhra Pradesh there is an inscription referring to a Dhamila-vaniya (Tamil trader) datable to the 3rd century CE. Dr S R Rao, formerly the head of the Archaeological Survey of India, was free of the narrow vision of the past Indo-logists. Thus, the geneticists went to work. Specifically, Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs, Jains and Zoroastrians have a history of using the word Aryan to mean the speaker of a native language. The population of the world then was estimated at 5 million (The Economist - Dec 24, 2005), mostly settled around river deltas. It has a Priestly Decree, issued in 197 BC, inscribed in three scripts in two languages, one Greek and two Egyptian scripts. Khorne is quite right in stating the ethnicity of the Iranians. In Streams of Civilizations, Stanton & Hyma, goes even further and states that, 'in fact, there is so much evidence now to show that, very ancient people were highly skilled, that some people have jumped to the conclusion that they must have come by space-ship from some more civilized planet out in space'. David Frawley, a historian, too, expressed his amazement at the 'changing scenario' in the following words: 'There is a vast literature without archeology or even geography (home) for the Vedic Aryans, where as, vast archeology without literature for the literate Harrappans! [29] In Prakrit, words such as "Damela", "Dameda", "Dhamila" and "Damila", which later evolved from "Tamila", could have been used to denote an ethnic identity. The work-men used the stones from these ruins to provide coarse gravel for the rail-road bed. To-day, the population of India has reached a billion mark. The ancestry of the ASI population is suggested to have averaged about three-quarters from the AASI and one quarter from Iranian-related farmers. Isn't this similar to Aryan Invasion Theory! Direction: Although not a very important topic, however, UPSC can ask about language and culture-related themes based on this issue. The Ark landed itself on to Mt. Ben, thank you for pointing out that the intellectuals have rejected the Aryan Invasion Theory (AIT), and I do hope that is the case. Rigveda is a huge scripture, consisting of ten books. Carnatic music originated in the Dravidian region. These are his exact words: 'A new and more energetic race appeared upon the horizon - Indo-European race - made itself the ruling class in the country, which is now known as British India'. Lockard: "The encounters that resulted from Aryan migration brought together several very different peoples and cultures, reconfiguring Indian society. The Hathigumpha inscription of the Kalinga ruler Kharavela refers to a T(ra)mira samghata (Confederacy of Tamil rulers) dated to 150 BCE. He wanted Ghadhiji to under-take movement to abolish the caste system. Thus, the river is no longer a mythical river. Thus, the blue-eyed people of Major Yeats-Brown, turned into groups of different blood, all speaking a common tongue, the Mother of all Indo-European languages. Based on a proto-Dravidian assumption, they proposed readings of many signs, some agreeing with the suggested readings of Heras and Knorozov (such as equating the "fish" sign with the Dravidian word for fish, "min") but disagreeing on several other readings. [61] They further noted that "the direct lineal descendants of the Neolithic inhabitants of Mehrgarh are to be found to the south and the east of Mehrgarh, in northwestern India and the western edge of the Deccan plateau", with neolithic Mehrgarh showing greater affinity with chalocolithic Inamgaon, south of Mehrgarh, than with chalcolithic Mehrgarh.[61]. [127] Among some communities, young girls received preliminary training up until the onset of puberty. The Aryan Invasion Theory (AIT) was part of the Divide & Rule Policy, which was carried out very successfully. The last time the linguists went to work to decipher a script was in respect of the Egyptian hieroglyphic script, i.e. Theatre-dance traditions have a long and varied history whose origins can be traced back almost two millennia to dance-theatre forms like Kotukotti, Kaapaalam and Pandarangam, which are mentioned in an ancient anthology of poems entitled the Kaliththokai. [65] Already in 1924, when announcing the discovery of the IVC, John Marshall stated that (one of) the language(s) may have been Dravidic. Dr Ambedkarji examined the Rigveda - supposedly the First Book of the Aryans as per Max Muller, written in 1000 BC. It was impossible to cross, however, Vindhya had great respect for the Muni, he agreed to lower its heights to allow them to cross, and further agreed that he would stay at that height to allow them to return when the task is completed. Aryans were fair skinned, tall, and spoke a different language from Dravidians who were dark, short and spoke Dravidian language. Re. People came from far off countries for education at institutions, such as Taksha-shila and Nalanda. In contrast, South Dravidian had a three-way distinction in the singular (masculine, feminine, neuter) and a two-way distinction in the plural (human, nonhuman). Ghadhiji couldn't oblige, and that was a great disappointment for Ambedkarji. Thus, the ground work was already laid when Lord Macaulay visited India around 1835 to study the educational needs of the Indians. Welcome to America", "South and Island Southeast Asia; Languages", "The origins of Indians: What our genes are telling us", "Indian Craniometric Variability and Affinities", "Genetic study of Dravidian castes of Tamil Nadu", "Prehistoric genomes from the world's first farmers in the Zagros mountains reveal different Neolithic ancestry for Europeans and South Asians", "Y-chromosomal sequences of diverse Indian populations and the ancestry of the Andamanese", "Ancestry-Specific Analyses Reveal Differential Demographic Histories and Opposite Selective Pressures in Modern South Asian Populations", "An Ancient Harappan Genome Lacks Ancestry from Steppe Pastoralists or Iranian Farmers", "Pot route could have linked Indus & Vaigai", "Peoples and languages in pre-Islamic Indus valley", "A Note on the Muruku Sign of the Indus Script in light of the Mayiladuthurai Stone Axe Discovery", "How climate change ended world's first great civilisations", "Climate change caused Indus Valley civilization collapse", Dravidian languages Britannica Online Encyclopedia, "Tamil leads as India tops film production", "The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia", "Early Sanskritization: Origin and Development of the Kuru state", "Aryan migration: Everything you need to know about the new study on Indian genetics", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dravidian_peoples&oldid=1139791998, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2019, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2021, Articles containing Sanskrit-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Gondi belong to the central Dravidian subgroup. The historian, Hendrik Van Loon,in his book 'The Story of Mankind', published 1921, provides an interesting meaning, even though incorrect in my opinion, of the word 'Aryan'. It includes Caucasians and also their sub-race. There is no bigger punishment for the Europeans and their hisptorians for creating such a FICTION to harm people of other race and their culture. Mudumby Narasimhachary (Ed) (1976). The big Aryan-Dravidian debate: Inventing an invasion that In fact, until the late 19th century most Kerala women did not wear any upper garments, or were forced to by law, and in many villages, especially in tribal communities, the sari is worn without the blouse. Major Yeats-Brown, in his book Pageant of India, states in a literary fashion as follows : The budding was in the unknown mother-land, somewhere in the uplands of central Asia, whence these tall, blue-eyed people sallied forth in search of grazing lands. Aryans are white skinned. Of course, the British Raj was the culprit, and as the proverb goes, 'Ruler writes history'. Srinivasa The meaning categories are male human (man), female human (woman), human (people), and others, the last contrasting with the three former categories.