And why do children lead the novels action? After drifting off to the Bahamas, the Fernandez and Castillo families finally steer back on course to reach Florida, but not before Isabels mother delivers her baby brother in the boat. They run into several problems, like being in bloody water with many sharks around on a sinking boat and there are high stakes at the end. In Isabels story, the water is choppy with sharks, representing the violence and uncertainty of her condition as well as fact: the ninety-mile stretch between Cuba and Florida is known to be shark territory. Thank you! Josef: Havana Harbor 1939, 19 days (2). Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. Young readers will finish this book and ask: What should we do? After its passengers were denied asylum in Cuba, the ship tragically returned to Europe, hoping to find sanctuary for its passengers between four European countries: Belgium, France, the Netherlands, and England. Though Refugee is a novel, all three of its main storylines are based on actual historical events. Meeting Aaron at Hamburg, Josef is shocked to see his once-confident father visibly anxious and harrowed. You'll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, and get updates on new titles. Alan Gratz is the bestselling author of a number of novels for young readers. Josefs father gets sent to a concentration camp. Refugee by Alan Gratz is a historical fiction novel written in 2017 that weaves together three compelling stories of families seeking sanctuary in other countries. This is an engaging tale. Interestingly, the stories are also tied together through the symbolism of water and boats. Refugee looks readers straight in the eye, challenging them to truly see these kids who are battling the worst moments of our recent history. Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1699 titles we cover. The second date is today's Refugee is a powerful novel about three very different children. Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! Josef Landau's story begins in 1938 in Nazi Germany. Though Josef is devastated, he wonders if this is what becoming a man means - not relying on your father. What details do you notice that show that this story is not taking place in the United States? Wed love to have you back! This Study Guide consists of approximately 70pages of chapter summaries, quotes, character analysis, themes, and more - Josef understands himself to be German, and yet the Nazis are trying to take away this aspect of German Jewish peoples identity. Josef and his family flee Nazi Germany in 1938; Isabel and her family flee Cuba in 1994; and Mahmoud and his family flee Syria in 2015. Usually, Im not interested in history, but I couldnt put this book down. Purchasing They board the St. Louis, a large German ship, and set out. PDFs of modern translations of every Shakespeare play and poem. In one, Josef and his Jewish family flee Nazi Berlin in 1938. A storm sweeps them to the Bahamas, where they are not allowed to disembark; Ivn is attacked by sharks and eventually bleeds to death in the boat; and toward the end of the journey, Isabels pregnant mother goes into labor. Josef's family is finally reunited months later in 1939, and they attempt to escape Nazi Germany aboard the M.S. Isabel wakes up, still in the boat, now 3 days from home. Judy Blundell, National Book Award winning author of What I Saw and How I Lied. What are the different settings of the novel and how does it affect and shape the characters? In the end, these three stories are connected. Things dont go as planned when a fight breaks out and the family has to leave their car and belongings behind. 20% eNotes.com will help you with any book or any question. For the last few years, there has been a war in his country between the Syrian government, rebels, the Soviets, the United States and several other factions. His experiences with oppression in Germany, and then as a refugee, cause him to grow up far sooner than he should have to. The family is eventually pulled from the water by the Greek Coast Guard. Officer Padron, a Cuban policeman assigned to the St. Louis, saves Josefs father. Creating notes and highlights requires a free LitCharts account. Josef is 12 years old at the beginning of the book, living in Nazi Germany in 1938, where Jewish people like Josef are treated as "subhuman" and second-class citizens. He is of average height with brown hair and brown eyes. In addition, any storyboard can be made sharable, where a private link to the storyboard can be shared externally. Powerful and compelling. Trauma and. Complete your free account to access notes and highlights, Refugee: Seor Castillo, who is passive for much of the action, pulls Isabel into the water at the end of the novel to ensure that she reaches the American coast. Gratz shows how Josefs experience is not an isolated incident: all over Germany, Jews are facing the same kind of erasure of their culture and identity. Chapter 13 Summary: "Josef: Somewhere on the Atlantic Ocean1939" During the Atlantic crossing in 1939, Josef's bar mitzvah ceremony is about to take place. A gripping, visceral, and hold-your-breath intense story of three young refugees. Josef's father, along with thousands of other Jewish men, was arrested and sent to Dachau, a concentration camp. everything you need to sharpen your knowledge of Refugee. Because of this, they all want to escape to a safer place. Josef is loyal, compassionate, paternal, and selfless. Also, there are parallels between the three stories, and at the end, all of the three stories are connected. In 1938 Berlin, a 12-year-old Jewish boy named Josef is awakened by the sound of Hitler's Brownshirts breaking into his family's apartment. eNotes.com will help you with any book or any question. REFUGEE braids three different stories of young refugees. Forced to be an asylum-seeker himself, Lito finally understands the predicament of those on the ship. One example is when Josefs family falls apart and he has to be the leader by talking to other people and acting as the main adult of his family. In Josefs story, the very calm of the Atlantic Ocean is menacing, hiding a darker future. Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. The elderly woman Mahmoud meets is Ruth, Josefs younger sister. Josef, his father, mother, and little sister Ruthie are all asleep when their home is invaded during Kristallnacht, the night when Nazi police and "Brownshirts" were directed to destroy Jewish shops, homes, and synagogues, and terrorize Jewish citizens all across Germany. They're like having in-class notes for every discussion!, This is absolutely THE best teacher resource I have ever purchased. Aarons real crime, of course, is that he is a Jew, the minority group that Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler wants to eradicate. One example is when Josefs family falls apart and he has to be the leader by talking to other people and acting as the main adult of his family. PDFs of modern translations of every Shakespeare play and poem. These arent completely true stories, but these things do happen to real people, even today. However, the trouble begins when the ship docks in Havana harbor and the Cuban government does not allow the passengers to disembark. Refine any search. The rumor proves all too true, however, when the ship is marooned at the Cuban harbor for days, with officials telling the passengers day after day they will be allowed to disembark maanaSpanish for tomorrow. Aaron, who suffers a mental breakdown and jumps ship, is rescued by a Cuban police officer called Mariano Padron and allowed into Cuba, but Josef, Rachel, and Ruthand the rest of the passengers of the St. Louisare turned back. Plus, our printable worksheets make it easy to take the fun offline. On their way to Switzerland, the Landaus unfortunately run into German soldiers. Filled with both tragic loss and ample evidence of resilience, these memorable and tightly plotted stories contextualize and give voice to current refugee crises, Exceptional readers Michael Goldstrom, Kyla Garcia, and Assaf Cohen tackle Gratzs compelling novel. Faced with her father being sent to prison, Isabel and her family (her pregnant Mami, Papi, and grandfather Lito) decide to band together with Isabel's best friend Ivan and his family, the Castillos. Creating notes and highlights requires a free LitCharts account. Did you know you can highlight text to take a note? The St. Louis could not save Josef, just as the Castillos boat could not save Ivn. Mahmoud and his traumatized younger brother, Waleed, have learned to survive the frequent bombings and the bullying by majority Sunnis by learning to be invisible. However, the family is forced to act when their neighborhood is bombed. The book revolves around three main characters from three different eras: Nazi Germany, 1990s Cuba, and modern-day Syria. Refugee Alan Gratz Study Guide Summary Plot Overview Chapter Summaries Summary Chapter Summaries Josef / Berlin, Germany-1938 Josef Landau is a twelve-year-old boy living in Nazi Germany. Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. Because of this, they all want to escape to a safer place. Mahmoud Bishara's story begins in 2015, during the ongoing Syrian Civil War. publication online or last modification online. Ed. Six months later, Aaron tells his family in a letter that he has been released from the concentration camp Dachau by the Nazis on the condition that the family leave Germany immediately. creating and saving your own notes as you read. Josef demonstrates his personal desire to grow up, but over the course of the novel he comes to recognize the value of being able to be a child. After a riot in Havana, Isabels family decides that they should also leave Cuba immediately. Equally real are the events of 1994 depicted in the novel. Isabels boat, too, tips over, the sea claiming her familys food and water. How does the. Out of the 937 aboard, roughly 254 ultimately perished in Nazi concentration camps. You'll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, and get updates on new titles. Dont have an account? 2023 eNotes.com, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The second is the date of Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. Complete your free account to access notes and highlights. Six months later, his mother receives a telegram that her husband has been released, but the family must leave Germany immediately. This summary should be accessible to high beginning or low intermediate ENL students. His mother, father, little brother Waleed, and baby sister Hana barely manage to escape the bombing of their apartment building. On the ship, Ruth, born in Nazi Germany, has the freedom to play openly for the first time in her life. Thus, the sea comes to represent death, chaos, and uncertainty at one level. When the family is eventually caught, Josefs mother is forced to choose which of her children will be freed and which will be sent to a concentration camp. They take a train to board the St. Louis, where it feels like paradise compared to the treatment they received the last couple of years. date the date you are citing the material. Refugee is a heart-pounding adventure as well as an important book that shines a light on a too often invisible and politicized problem. Our summaries and analyses are written by experts, and your questions are answered by real teachers. PDF downloads of all 1699 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish. Josefs fathers jump into the sea symbolizes his desire to annihilate himself. In the back of the book, the author Alan Gratz offers ways that people can help refugees like Josef, Isabel, Mahmoud, and their families. Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. The places where they live are in a horrifying state of turmoil. For Aaron, it represents a metaphorical death, as he disappears into the water and subsequently out of Josefs life. Captain Schroeder demonstrates how to change the ship's speed. When the family finally gets to their promised boat, they find that it is merely a rubber raft. Josef is a Jewish boy in 1930s Nazi Germany. Josef, his sister Ruth, and his mother all travel to Hamburg to board a ship that will take them to Cuba. Josef warns his father that he must . Each child experiences traumatic losses and personal victories as they struggle to escape the political instability of their homelands. The citation above will include either 2 or 3 dates. They walk to the ship and their father races inside, convinced the authorities will try to stop them. 2023 . This is a fascinating tale. Gratz illustrates more dehumanization from the Nazis, exemplified in Schiendicks equation of the children with rats. His selflessness is made evident when he sacrifices his own life for his sister's. Josef later dies in a concentration camp. The woman promises Mahmoud that she will help them find Hana and reveals to them her own story of being a refugee. The places where they live are in a horrifying state of turmoil. In Refugee, what is the climax of Mahmoud's story. Last Updated on June 29, 2020, by eNotes Editorial. At another level, however, water represents change, which many of the main characters have to undergo either to survive or to redeem themselves. This compelling novel will help young people make sense of todays refugee crisis. When students storyboard, they are actively engaged in the learning process and can make connections between the text and their own lives. If there are two dates, the date of publication and appearance As Gratz observes in his author's note to the novel, the MS St. Louis was a real ship carrying . Even amongst people who have lost everything, they still have empathy toward this man who showed the same courtesy to a fellow Jewish person. This is thebeets in a brownieof kid lit. eNotes.com eNotes.com, Inc. T he main characters in Refugee are Josef Landau, Isabel Fernandez, and Mahmoud Bishara.. Josef Landau is a twelve-year-old Jewish boy living in Berlin, Germany, in 1938. Detailed quotes explanations with page numbers for every important quote on the site. On Kristallnacht, the Night of Broken Glass, members of the Brownshirts, the police force of Nazi Germany, invade Josefs house and take away his father, Aaron Landau. They have come to arrest Josef's father: "Other Jewish homes and businesses and synagogues were destroyed all over Germany, and tens of . They're like having in-class notes for every discussion!, This is absolutely THE best teacher resource I have ever purchased. Instant downloads of all 1699 LitChart PDFs For the next 7 days, you'll have access to awesome PLUS stuff like AP English test prep, No Fear Shakespeare translations and audio, a note-taking tool, personalized dashboard, & much more! His mother gives the sailor their tickets and they board the boat. Eventually, the captain announces that they are not going to be allowed to dock in Havana and that the boat will be leaving. In their memory, she decided to make Berlin her home. With Storyboard That, you can create a wide variety of storyboards such as the story from the main character's perspective, or any other character's point of view. Mahmoud hands his sister, Hana, to another passing raft of refugees, knowing that his mother cannot hold her and swim. Gratz accomplishes a feat that is nothing short of brilliantPoignant, respectful, and historically accurate while pulsating with emotional turmoil, adventure, and suspense. Despite his father's absence, Josef is pleased to see 100 men gathered to perform the ritual with him. Instant downloads of all 1699 LitChart PDFs The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. However, one day Castro announces that he wont enforce staying in the country anymore, and Isabels family is ready to leave in a small boat their friends made. Free trial is available to new customers only. Mahmoud decides that he no longer wants to be ignored and leads the refugees out of the prison, walking twelve hours to Austria. Meanwhile, there is a rumor spreading that the ships passengers are likely to be turned back from Cuba, a thought too terrible for Josef to accept. Josef: Train to Hamburg - 1939, 1 day Themes and Colors Key Summary Analysis After school, Mahmoud, Waleed, and their mother, Fatima, do their usual afternoon prayer. Josef and his family flee Nazi Germany in 1938; Isabel and her family flee Cuba in 1994; and Mahmoud and his family flee Syria in 2015. All three stories make for a great novel and it will teach you a lot and appreciate how good we have it. After . However, soon enough, Germany invades Poland, thus beginning World War II. Source (s) Refugee The scale of the devastation in Syria is immense: Given its historical roots, why did Gratz write the novel as a work of fiction? PDF downloads of all 1699 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish. Word Count: 1329. He watches his friends' father, whom had already sought asylum in Cuba, come to pick up his daughters on the boat. Through the perils and forced courage of his protagonists, Gratz highlights the biggest tragedy of all refugee crises in history: the loss of childhood. (including. on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. If Cuba does not let the refugees in, it signifies a return to a society that is more than willing to be unjust and cruel toward them. Refugee Characters. Refugee is a novel by Alan Gratz that examines three interrelated stories of the refugee experience. eNotes Editorial. eNotes Editorial. Refugee is both thrilling and heartrending. Please wait while we process your payment. Meant to be read, discussed, and shared widely. Isabel: Between Bahamas and Florida - 1994, 5 days (1) Themes and Colors Key 4 Mar. Thus, it would be a mistake to interpret Refugee as only a tale about extraordinary, heroic children. Mahmoud Bishara is a twelve-year-old boy who lives in Aleppo, Syria in 2015. Refugee: Josef: On the Atlantic Ocean - 1939, 10 days Summary & Analysis Next Isabel: Straits of Florida - 1994, 1 day (2) Themes and Colors Key Summary Analysis Josef and some of the other children on the St. Louis take a tour of the ship 's bridge and engine room. Josef, Isabel, and Mahmouds strands begin to converge. Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. Instant PDF downloads. The chapter ends as Josef searches for his father and realizes his father has jumped overboard. Further, children are made heroes in Refugee precisely because children should not, ideally, have to be heroes. While they travel, they ask if anyone has seen Hana. The citation above will include either 2 or 3 dates. Each story weaves actual events into the narrative to create a realistic picture of the struggle and tragedies that families in each of these situations have faced. However, unspeakable tragedy occurs when Ivn dies in a sudden shark attack. They take a train to board the St. Louis, where it feels like paradise compared to the treatment they received the last couple of years. The St. Louis was an actual ship that sailed from Hamburg to Cuba in May, 1939 under the command of Captain Gustav Schrder. Isabels best friend and neighbor, Ivn, is building a small boat with his father so that his family can flee to America. publication in traditional print. Mahmoud should not have to decide to give away his little sister to save her life, Josef should not have to slap his father to subdue him, and Isabel should not have to scramble to arrange gasoline for a boat to take her family away to possible safety. Log in here. Refugee is a young adult literature novel by Alan Gratz published by Scholastic Corporation in 2017. What can you learn about the people and the time period from these allusions? Ed. PDF downloads of all 1699 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish. Josef's story is set in Nazi Germany in 1939. Note: When citing an online source, it is important to include all necessary dates. Sometimes it can end up there. He also draws a clear line between this view of the children, and their justification of the violence that they deem acceptable against Jewish people. Active Themes Related Quotes with Explanations Students will see themselves in the young protagonists: children faced with insurmountable and tragic circumstances but who, at their heart, are just kids who love their families and want to live in peace. Water becomes the agent of change in each of these cases, emphasizing the centrality of adapting to survival. This is a must read for anyone, especially people who like history. Refugee: Josef: Havana Harbor - 1939, 19 days (2) Summary & Analysis Next. Teachers and parents! When the St. Louis reaches Havana Harbor in Cuba, the ship is not allowed to dock. Log in here. Complete your free account to request a guide. Josef Landau, from the book Refugee, is a 13 year old boy born into the life of World War 2. You'll also get updates on new titles we publish and the ability to save highlights and notes. From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. "My students can't get enough of your charts and their results have gone through the roof." The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. Lito atones for the past by treading water and returning to Cuba. Lito, Isabels grandfather, allows himself to be deported so that the Fernandezes can make it to Florida. In Isabels journey, Ivn is claimed by sharks, which symbolize the life-taking maw of the ocean. You'll be billed after your free trial ends. What is the setting of "Games at Twilight"? In what ways were they taken advantage of or harmed by the cruelty and apathy of others? All storyboards are private and secure to the portal using enterprise-class file security hosted by Microsoft Azure. Mahmoud's story is set in Syria in 2015 during the Syrian Civil War. Start your 48-hour free trial to get access to more than 30,000 additional guides and more than 350,000 Homework Help questions answered by our experts. Storyboarding is an incredibly powerful tool for educators because it helps students process and understand the information in a deep, meaningful way. This heart-stopping novel is not only compelling it is necessary. Ruta Sepetys, author of Between Shades of Gray. Students will see themselves in the young protagonists: children faced with tragic circumstances but who, at their heart, are just kids who love their families and want to live in peace. Mahmouds story starts with their apartment building collapsing, due to people rioting because of the civil war going on in Syria. Josef's story is set in Nazi Germany in 1939. Before the ceremony begins, the Rabbi asks the captain to take down the portrait of Hitler, which the captain does. For one, fiction enables the reader to inhabit history in a way that textbooks and newsprint cannot accommodate. Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. Teachers and parents! What is the summary of refugee? Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. Order our Refugee (Alan Gratz) Study Guide, teaching or studying Refugee (Alan Gratz). The second date is today's The Nazis labelling Aarons practice as a crime against the German people inherently detaches them from their own German culture. for a group? Im a big fan of that, and it was executed brilliantly here. Isabels beloved grandfather Litoshort for Abuelitois on board as well, though he is unsure about leaving Cuba. Braving extremely choppy and shark-infested waters, the two families make the ninety-mile run to Florida. Its other accolades include the Sydney Taylor Book Award, the National Jewish Book Award, the Cybils Middle Grade Fiction Award, a Charlotte Huck Award Honor, and a Malka Penn Award for . publication in traditional print. to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. After a violent conflict between the rebels and the Syrian government, Mahmoud and his family walk to the Turkish border. Aarons purported crime is that he is still practicing law when the Nazis have expressly forbidden the Jewish community from that profession. Josefs story starts with Kristallnacht, the Night of Broken Glass in 1938. With the threat of concentration camps looming, he and his family board a ship bound for the other side of the world Isabel is a Cuban girl in 1994. Josefs father gets sent to a concentration camp. Yet instead of succumbing to the despair of these events, Josef and the rest of his family resolve to try to find a better life in a new country. Already a member? Within the portal, all users can view and copy all storyboards. Mahmoud Bisharas story is the most recent: he and his family live in Aleppo, Syria, in 2015 and escape to Germany. However, beneath the surface, the ride isnt as perfect as it looks, and Josef has to take the initiative several times. Meanwhile, the civil war in Syria still continues to precipitate one of the worst humanitarian crises in history. Heartrendingly, Josef notes that he and Ruthie never want to leave the St. Louis, the first place they have been treated as human beings in a long while. The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. Josefs father is taken to Havana to recover. His father was put into a concentration camp during "The Night of Broken Glass," while Josef and his sister, Ruth watched their father being taken inhumanly. The Castillos have been secretly building a makeshift boat and the next day, they set out together for Miami. However, one day Castro announces that he wont enforce staying in the country anymore, and Isabels family is ready to leave in a small boat their friends made. However, because the number of people fleeing Cuba was enormous, the US government was extremely ambiguous about granting them asylum, placing the refugees in a very precarious position. On Kristallnacht, the Night of Broken Glass, seven Nazi Brownshirts (storm troopers) raid his home. Christina Diaz Gonzalez, author of The Red Umbrella and A Thunderous Whisper. They're like having in-class notes for every discussion!, This is absolutely THE best teacher resource I have ever purchased. This is how Mahmoud puts it: No one cares about us if we stay out of your way, but if we come near you were seen as a burden. The novel follows the stories of three refugee children in three different geographic locations and points in time. Summary Themes Questions & Answers Characters Analysis Refugee Themes T he main themes in Refugee are trauma and growing up, the dehumanization of refugees, and empathy and hope. Our summaries and analyses are written by experts, and your questions are answered by real teachers. Save over 50% with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan! Refugee is a historical fiction novel written in 2017 that weaves together three compelling stories of families seeking sanctuary in other countries. On the sea, Mahmoud is marooned in the freezing Mediterranean, which ultimately capsizes his ramshackle raft. This dude does his history homework and then hides it in a total page-turner. Get Annual Plans at a discount when you buy 2 or more! Fidel Castro has taken over the country of Cuba and the citizens are sick of his dictatorship. By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. Your group members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership. The Syrian Civil War is still ongoing as of 2021. All will face unimaginable dangersfrom drownings to bombings to betrayals. Josefs story starts with Kristallnacht, the Night of Broken Glass in 1938. What are some ways we can all help. The family face incredible hardship and tragedy throughout their long journey through Turkey, Greece, Macedonia, Serbia, and Hungary on their way to Germany. Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. Teachers and parents! He and his family try to escape to Cuba on the. Isabel Fernandez is an eleven-year-old girl who lives just outside Havana in 1994. The passage of the two families is secured by Lito, who throws himself into the water to distract the US Coast Guard. Empathy and Social Responsibility. The audio version provides an ideal (even mandatory) opportunity for libraries to share these resonating tales with readers reluctant to pick up the page. Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. After it capsizes, it is another boat that gives Hana a chance at life, and it is a Greek Coast Guard boat that ultimately rescues Mahmouds family. Josef: On the Atlantic Ocean 1939, 6 days, Josef: On the Atlantic Ocean 1939, 8 days, Isabel: Straits of Florida 1994, 1 day (1), Josef: On the Atlantic Ocean 1939, 10 days, Isabel: Straits of Florida 1994, 1 day (2), Josef: On the Atlantic Ocean 1939, 11 days, Isabel: The Straits of Florida 1994, 1 day (3), Mahmoud: Izmir, Turkey 2015, 11 days (1), Josef: On the Atlantic Ocean 1939, 14 days, Isabel: The Straits of Florida 1994, 1 day (4), Mahmoud: Izmir, Turkey 2015, 11 days (2), Josef: On the Atlantic Ocean 1939, 17 days, Isabel: Straits of Florida 1994, 2 days, Mahmoud: The Mediterranean 2015, 11 days (1), Mahmoud: The Mediterranean 2015, 11 days (2), Isabel: Between Bahamas and Florida 1994, 4 days, Mahmoud: Lesbos to Athens 2015, 12 days (3), Isabel: Between Bahamas and Florida 1994, 5 days (2), Mahmoud: Macedonia to Serbia 2015, 14-15 days, Isabel: Coast of Florida 1994, 5 days (1), Mahmoud: Serbia to Hungary 2015, 15-16 days, Isabel: Coast of Florida 1994, 5 days (2), Isabel: Coast of Florida 1994, 5 days (3), Josef: Vornay, France 1940, 1 year, 1 month, 10 days, Isabel: Coast of Florida 1994, 5 days (4), Mahmoud: Hungary to Germany 2015, 17 days.