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It may well be that the date of Orthodox Easter occasionally coincides with that of the other Christian Churches; however, it may also occur as much as 5 weeks later. These are: - Twelvetide, December 26 to January 6: We eat everything every day, with the exception of January 5 (strict fast, see above). The day after Holy Wednesday is Maundy Thursday, which commemorates the Last Supper between Jesus and his disciples. Fasting, then, is not an exercise in dark, gloomy remorse in the Orthodox Church. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Consequently, all Orthodox Churches observe the event of Christ's Resurrection on the same day, regardless of when the rest of Christendom does. It is the most joyous celebration of the entire year, as the community gathers together to celebrate the Resurrection of Jesus Christ. In the East , the first homilies at Nativity belong to the Cappadocian fathers . All should fast, at least minimally. According to the rules of abstinence, the Nativity Fast is close to the Peter (Apostolic) fast. 2022 Fasting Calendar 2021-12-27 / in News / by Fr. In the future, the "Gregorian" calendar skipped leap years in years ending in "00", except when the first two digits of such a year form a multiple of "4". Shortening containing vegetable ingredients only, Margarine containing vegetable ingredients only, All-natural grain flours, cornstarch, cocoa powder, Rice, wheat, barley, caraway, oats, natural tapioca. In Christianity, the Nativity Fast or Fast of the Prophets in Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church and Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church is a period of abstinence and penance practiced by the Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Church and Catholic Church in preparation for the Nativity of Jesus on December 25. Great and Holy . stream Holidays before and after Orthodox Easter Day 2023 Ethiopia. Available also in downloadable PDF format. In 2100, the difference will increase to 14 days. Orthodox calendar 2022 Orthodox calendar (Russian Orthodox Church) with feasts and fasts for years from 1900 to 2099 (perpetual calendar). Rejoicing in the opportunity to change our words, our thoughts, our actions, and our lives through conquering those things which all too often conquer and control us. On the Calendar will be found notations concerning Fasting days and seasons. Twitter | Contact | The first reference of the Nativity Fast is in the writings of the holy fathers of the IV century: Ambrose of Milan, Blessed Augustine and Philastrius. While most Orthodox Christians are perhaps aware of the general rules of fasting for Great Lent, the rules for the other fasting periods are less known. The "twelve great feasts," as they occur in chronological order after September 1, are as follows: Four main fast periods are included in the ecclesiastical year. %PDF-1.7 Jews originally celebrated Passover on the first full moon following the vernal equinox. On Great Friday those who have the strength follow the practice of the early Church and keep a total fast. This is where the matter stood until the end of World War I. Expulsion of Adam and Eve from Paradise, 12.03.2023 - Sunday of St. Gregory Palamas, 09.04.2023 - Palm Sunday (12 great feasts), 14.04.2023 - Holy Friday. Those are specific Nativity Fast Orthodox rules and adhered by parishioners in Russian Church. The need for correction of the Julian Calendar was well understood in the East and had even led some to devise a new calendar themselves. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Share this entry. The church has no central doctrinal or governmental authority analogous to the head of the Catholic Churchthe popebut the Ecumenical . Because of the complexity created by the intersection of the various cycles, a number of Orthodox institutions will print an annual calendar (Russian: Spisok) which contains rubrics for the services during that particular year. The Orthodox Russian Church observes the Nativity Fast in 2022 from 28 November 2022 to 6 January 2023. In the Orthodox tradition, almsgiving is the third main virtue after prayer and fasting. It was later corrected in the sixteenth century by Pope Gregory XIII due to the ever-increasing discrepancy between calendar time and calculated astronomical time. This wonderworking icon is one of the most venerated in Russia and, according to tradition, dates from the dawn of Christianity. No unanimous agreement was reached on any of the issues discussed. 4. All other 11 Orthodox Churches celebrate Christ's Nativity on December 25th as the Western Church does . Neither in ancient nor in modern times has there ever been exact uniformity, but most Orthodox authorities agree on the following rules: The rule of xerophagy is relaxed on the following days: It has always been held that these rules of fasting should be relaxed in the case of anyone elderly or in poor health. Clean Monday is celebrated with Greeks eating seafood, octopus, and dishes containing fish roe. 25 St. Mark, Apostle and Evangelist . 10 Feb 2023 February 2023 The Hieromartyr Charalampus This great saint was bishop in Magnesia, and suffered for Christ at the age of 11When a violent persecution broke out under the Emperor Septimus Severus, the aged Charalampus did not hide from his persecutors, but freely and openly preached the Christian faith. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Easter, the feast of feasts, continues to be calculated by all Orthodox Churches to the dates of the Old Calendar. On the contrary! According to strict observance, in the course of the five initial days of Lent, only two meals are eaten, one on Wednesday and the other on Friday, in both cases after the Liturgy of the Presanctified. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. 9), Forefeast of the Annunciation (Mar. Basil the Great Greek Orthodox Church. ***If you would like to offer prayers for living and departed, please submit two separate requests: one for the living and one for the departed. "Automating the Liturgical Calendar of the Syrian Orthodox Church," Paper presented at the IVth Syriac Computing Forum, Princeton Theological Seminary, on Jul 11, 2003. Barbara Rolek is a former chef who became a cooking school instructor and award-winning food writer. Orthodox Easter in 2022 is on Sunday, April 24. Jesus Himself did. There are two types of feasts in the Orthodox Church calendar: fixed and movable. There are many good Nativity Fast receipts on the Internet and in our monastic recipes section to try and have a tasty and nutritious meal. Many Orthodox Christians fast before January 7, usually excluding meat and dairy products. St. It operates as a communion of autocephalous churches, each governed by its bishops via local synods. And nor is Orthodox Easter Monday, also known as . "eBg")T[TH/u"-q>[!,cM *:"eUf\Eq^Ixyy . The cookie stores information anonymously and assigns a randomly generated number to recognize unique visitors. The Orthodox Church approaches the Great Lent which will start on March 15th according to the Julian calendar. In the Bible, Orthodox Easter is the day when Mary Magdalene found an empty tomb in the cave in which Jesus had been placed following his death by crucifixion. Lent is 40 days (46 days for Orthodox Christians) of prayer, fasting, and abstinence in preparation for the resurrection of Christ on Easter Sunday. top of page. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Installed by Google Analytics, _gid cookie stores information on how visitors use a website, while also creating an analytics report of the website's performance. Search, Learn more about the Orthodox Church in America, Rubrics and Horologion for Liturgical Services, Webinars for Church Musicians: Lent and Pascha. April 22nd. The Eastern Orthodox liturgical year begins on September 1. iStockphoto.com/vgajic About Fasika Read more about Fasika. English. These Serbian Lent recipes show how much variety there is and that there needn't be any feelings of deprivation. Advertising order forms will be included with the 2022 OCA Desk Calendar mailing. x}[{0~-Q 9,^sI:'83_R,$V=Eb=TO_OO~o?|~?go/mx[?/?}?/fbtr6kso_Ou:>m7_8/zjaykY4s_cg$_~xo_w~g>j0eVzymqgf|ihOgay m\NkQkP3ge[_65od2[)(}-G]VWp*cW0\+pLm`-o\1oFGwIb^j oEdS CEx&vh{LZMl|}'V_|}o?E|oCcop]lbrx&4?cM/|L?~~VV ? If the means turns into an end, then the true goal will not be achieved. What differed in this situation, however, was that reform was initiated by the established Church together with the total backing of the state. Of these, three are on the Paschal Cycle: The other Great Feasts are on the Fixed Cycle: In addition, the feast day of the patron saint of a parish church or monastery is counted as a Great Feast, and is celebrated with great solemnity. As we can see, the Roman tradition prevailed everywhere. Great Lent & Holy Week - 1st Monday of Great Lent through Great and Holy Saturday The Archdiocese responds to the spiritual needs of the Greek Orthodox Christian Faithful through National Ministries, providing programs and services to your local parishes, Metropolises, and you. 15 Nativity Fast begins - ends Dec. 24 - Orthodox Christian. 14.04.2023. Several issues were under discussion at the congress, one of which was the adoption of the New Calendar. The Orthodox call this day Pascha. The Orthodox Churches which have adopted the New Calendar observe Christmas with the other Churches of Christendom on December 25; the Orthodox Churches which have not adopted it celebrate Christmas 13 days later, on January 7. The moveable feasts are generally relative to Pascha ( Easter ), and so the cycle of moveable feasts is referred to as the Paschal cycle . For those churches which follow the Revised Julian Calendar the dates below correspond exactly to the dates on the Gregorian Calendar. For the start of the, Last edited on 20 February 2023, at 08:12, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "The Orthodox Faith - Volume II - Worship - the Church Year - Church Year", Where to learn and purchase Orthodox Liturgical Calendars, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_liturgical_calendar&oldid=1140487435. and the celebrations of Easter, is a special season in Greece.. Greek Orthodox Easter 2023. Td|3iMKh=7*7}S7q krRq:&KioKPzUn{NunMc%Tn*2O4zBTa\ 3fqSAv1)>,JTdsxMz!U&iNt>Mj7ZRbiO&r#rtAHK" n nJ 7]P,| ~^@ "727]6vc In 2023, it falls on a Sunday, and some businesses may choose to follow Sunday opening hours. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. It's more important to think about the heart, not the stomach. Baptism of Christ (12 great feasts), 15.02 - Presentation of Christ (12 great feasts), 07.07 - Nativity of St. John the Forerunner (great feast), 12.07 - Apostles Peter and Paul (great feast), 19.08 - Transfiguration of Jesus Christ (12 great feasts), 28.08 - Dormition of the Theotokos (12 great feasts), 11.09 - Beheading of St. John the Forerunner (great feast), 21.09 - Nativity of the Theotokos (12 great feasts), 27.09 - Elevation of the Holy Cross (12 great feasts), 14.10 - Protection of the Theotokos (great feast), 04.12 - Presentation of the Theotokos (12 great feasts), 05.02.2023 - Synaxis of new Russian martyrs, 05.02.2023 - Sunday of the Publican and Pharisee, 26.02.2023 - Sunday of Forgiveness. In the IV-V centuries, "fasts of the four seasons" appeared in the West. Those unable to do this may eat bread, with a little water, tea or fruit-juice, but not until sunset, or at any rate not until after the veneration of the [Plashchanitsa] at Vespers. When does Nativity Fast begin and end? If, as usually happens now, they return home for a meal, they may use wine but not oil; for on this one Saturday, alone among Saturdays of the year, olive oil is not permitted. Athos. Days to Orthodox Easter 2022 Sunday, April 24th is day number 114 of the 2022 calendar year with -10 months, -7 days until Orthodox Easter 2022. Box 495 South Bound Brook, NJ 08880 Offices: Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the USA Metropolia Center Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. All should fast, at least minimally. Much of the world came to officially recognize the Gregorian calendar, but Orthodox churches, primarily in Greece, Cyprus, Russia, Romania,. Where there is no indication of a fast given, this means that all foods may be eaten (except during Cheesefare Week, when meat is forbidden for every day). Palm Sunday (the Sunday before Easter) The Ascension (40 days after Easter) Pentecost (50 days after Easter) The Transfiguration (August 6) The Repose of the Virgin Mary (August 15) Fast Days and Fast Periods Four main fast periods are included in the ecclesiastical year. As the basis for these fasts, St. Leo indicates gratitude to God for the fruits gathered. - Easter week, from Pascha Sunday to Thomas . 31 Days. In 2022, Na April 17 be Easter. Fasting is one way. October 14. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. The other difference in the determination of Easter between the Orthodox and other Christian Churches concerns the date of Passover. Next in importance to Easter are the "twelve great feasts," of which three are movable. Peter Cox. - Great Lent. If you arent sure what to fast from on which days, check this fasting calendar! On Holy Thursday one meal is eaten, with wine and oil (i.e., olive oil). You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Phone: (212) 570-3500Contact, Download VCFJoin our Mailing ListsDonate. Works offline. The basis of their refusal to abandon the Old Calendar rested on the argument that canons ratified by an Ecumenical Synod knew only of the Julian Calendar. Fixed feasts [ edit They are: Individual fast days include the feast of the Elevation of the Holy Cross (September 14), the Beheading of St. John the Baptist (August 29), and the eve of Epiphany (January 5), as well as all Wednesdays and Fridays. Home. We invite you to prayerfully consider sharing the resources given to you by God with a donation to the Archdiocese. Simpler wall calendars will show the major commemoration of the day together with the appointed scripture readings. Maundy Thursday is the last day of Lent. This site has been made possible by a grant from Leadership 100. It is a joyful act. YouTube | The Wednesdays and Fridays of the Year, except for Fast-Free Weeks The Eve of Theophany - January 5 The Beheading of St. John the Baptist - August 29 The Elevation of the Cross - September 14 Concerning Fasting On the Calendar will be found notations concerning Fasting days and seasons. Basil the faithful remained in church for the reading of the Acts of the Apostles, and for their sustenance were given a little bread and dried fruit, with a cup of wine. From Joseph, Thomas and Simon Skaria. In addition to Great Lent, there are three other lesser lenten seasons in the church year: The season from the Sunday of the Publican and Pharisee (three weeks before the Great Lent) through Holy Saturday is called Triodion, while the season from Pascha through Pentecost is called the Pentecostarion. Fast of the Apostles- it begins on a Monday, 8 days after Pentecost, and ends on June 28. where the notation Fast Day is found, this means that a strict fast is observed, in which no meat, eggs, dairy products, fish, wine or oil are to be eaten. Orthodox Easter falls on Sunday, May 2, 2021. Easter Sunday will fall on Sunday April 17 in 2022. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. New Cal. The determination of the date of Easter is governed by a computation based on the vernal equinox and the phase of the moon. [1] Consequently, it is the combination of these variables, which accounts for the different date of Orthodox Easter, whenever it varies from the rest of Christendom. The determination of the date of Easter was definitively regulated by the decision of the First Ecumenical Synod, held in Nicaea (325). Orthodox Easter in 2022 is on Sunday, April 16. These are the fixed dates; the particular day on which that date is observed differs depending upon whether one follows the Julian Calendar (sometimes referred to as the "Old Calendar") or the Revised Julian Calendar ("New Calendar"). Within the community, each person fasts differently, according to his or her personal capability, spiritual insight, and vision. The former celebrates Epiphany on January 6 and by the latter on January 19. In the IV century. Ethiopia's calendar differs from both the Coptic and Julian calendars; the difference between the Coptic and the Ethiopian calendar is 276 years. 21 Christ the King - Christian. Receive updates and latest service times from our parish. Easter time, from the carnivals that come before the Lenten fast through Holy Week. Basil Monthly Calendar Adult Classes Kids in Worship Cry Room Covid-19 Resources Blog Back to Top. They include Oriental Orthodox churches such as the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, and the Eritrean . These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. November 25th. The result of this situation is unfortunate indeed. The Plant-Based Diet 101: What It Is and What to Eat, Slovak Machanka (Sour Mushroom Soup) Recipe. Information about Pascha. 18 March, 2023 - Annual Western PA/OH Pan-Orthodox Lenten Retreat April 1, 2023 - Lenten Retreat Praying our way together during Great Lent Recent Galleries 02/25/2023 02/20/2023 Mailing Address Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the USA P.O. Date in the current year: April 24, 2022. Names of months are as follows: (1) Meskerem (September-October) (2) Teqemt (October- November) (3) Hedar (November- December) (4) Tahsas (December- January) (5) Ter (January- February) (6) Yekatit (February- March) The Emperor complained, "that the dates of the holidays of the Annunciation (March 25) and Candlemas (February 2) are violated there. Palm Sunday (Floats) Resurrection (Easter - Floats) Ascension (40 days after resurrection) Pentecost (50 days after Resurrection) The Seven Minor Feasts of the Lord: Circumcision (Tobi 6/January 14) Entering the Temple (Meshir 8) Visit to Egypt (Pashons 24) The Wedding at Canna of Galilee (Tobi 13) Transfiguration (Mesori 13) Fast of the Repose of the Virgin Mary-August 1 to 14. In the Church of Constantinople, the feast of Nativity was established in the late 370s. Eight of these feasts are devoted to Christ and four to the Virgin Mary. 1 Fri + THE CIRCUMCISION OF JESUS CHRIST, Basil the Great 14 2 Sat Sylvester; Pope of Rome, Right. Nuts and fresh dried fruits. The fast of the Apostles begins on the 26th of June and ends on the 29th of June, the feast day of Sts. Thus arose the formula applied by the Orthodox Churches adopting the New Calendar--viz., that immovable feast days are to be observed 13 days earlier than in the Old Calendar, while Easter and all movable feast days dependent on it are still calculated according to the Old Calendar--which was seen as a compromise with those who opposed the change. The Great Fast (Lent)--beginning on a Monday 7 weeks before Easter. 1 0 obj Get our cookbook, free, when you sign up for our newsletter. Practically speaking, this means that Easter may not be celebrated before April 3 (Gregorian), which had been March 21--the date of the vernal equinox--at the time of the First Ecumenical Synod. According to the ruling of the First Ecumenical Synod in 325, Easter Sunday should fall on the Sunday which follows the first full moon after the vernal equinox. In general, except where otherwise noted, all Wednesdays and Fridays (Mondays also, in some monasteries) are kept as days of fasting (an exception being during the Fast Free periods), as well as the four canonical fasting periods (Great Lent, the Apostles Fast, the Nativity Fast and the Dormition Fast), and certain other days, including the Eve of Theophany, the Beheading of St. John the Baptist, and the Elevation of the Cross. In Eastern Orthodox Christianity Lent is called 'Great Lent' and is the most important fasting period of the year, in preparation for the most important celebration of the year, Pascha (Orthodox Easter Sunday). All Days of Lent aside from Sundays are days of fasting and abstinence. Sdn Tim Grace25 Dec 2022 - 9:00pm. For example, you could (and should try to) fast from sexual activity, harsh speech, idle time, etc. D. R. Fotheringham, The Date of Easter and Other Christian Festivals. On Monday, Wednesday and Friday, we eat neither oil nor wine. 02.03.2023. Nevertheless, this compromise was to prove incapable of preventing the schism of "Old Calendarists" which ensued. Learn about the work and efforts of the Department of Music and Translations and offer your support! As such, this aids us in attaining salvation. (Julian) calendar. Hot and cold cereals like corn flakes, puffed wheat, and rice, shredded wheat, oatmeal, farina, etc. In the dystopian film,Children of Mendirected by Alfonso Cuarn, a world is imagined in the future where no more children are born, and, as the decades pass, humanity is plunged into despair. It marks the end of the 40 days of Lent (40 days of self-reflection and fasting). <> Literally this means dry eating. February 27 - April 15. Under current Roman Catholic church law, the faithful are required to abstain from eating meat on Ash Wednesday and all the Fridays of Lent. Orthodox Easter Day. And teach yourself, your spouse, and your children about the spiritual benefit of what youre doing. Facebook | In the Church of Alexandria it was April 18, the African tradition adhered to March 28, the Eastern one January 6, and Rome - December 25. Expulsion of Adam and Eve from Paradise, 20.03.2022 - Sunday of St. Gregory Palamas, 17.04.2022 - Palm Sunday (12 great feasts), 22.04.2022 - Holy Friday. 2023Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America. As a consequence, most Christians eventually ceased to regulate the observance of Easter by the Jewish Passover. Fasting refers to restrictions on the quantity of food eaten and when it is consumed, while abstinence refers to the complete avoidance of particular foods. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. The use of two different "paschal cycles" inevitably gave way to differences between the Eastern and Western Churches regarding the observance of Easter. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. ), it is very important to consult with a confessor, the priest will surely give you relief so as not to harm your health. Theophan the Recluse on Spiritual Practice, Abstain from meat, fish, dairy, eggs, alcohol, oil. Eastern Orthodox Beginning of Lent: Orthodox Christian: February 28: Purim * Jewish: March 6 -7: Nevertheless, the Julian Calendar remained in use throughout the Byzantine period and beyond. In the dystopian film, Children of Men directed by Alfonso Cuarn, a world is imagined in the future where no more children are born, and, as the decades pass, humanity is plunged into despair. Address: 6430 Bose Lane, San Jose, CA 95120 | Phone: (408) 268-3214 | Email: office@ stbasil.com. Is it a bank holiday? Despite the efforts of the emissaries of Pope Gregory to convince the Orthodox to accept the New (Gregorian) Calendar, the Orthodox Church rejected it. We focus again on our ultimate goal: becoming closer to God. During the Dormition Fast, wine and oil are allowed only on Saturdays and Sundays (and sometimes on a few feast days and vigils). Required fields are marked *. In present-day practice, even for those in good health, the full strictness of the fast is usually mitigated. Prayer and almsgiving are the other two. Despite attempts by the civil authorities in Greece to suppress them, the "Old Calendarists" continue to exist there and abroad and to maintain a hierarchy of their own together with parishes and monasteries. If the full moon happens to fall on a Sunday, Easter is observed the following Sunday. Fixed feasts occur on the same calendar day every year, whereas movable feasts change each year. What gives us fear and trembling is the hurting wound of not responding to the love that He had given to us. Antipascha, 30.04.2023 - Sunday of Myrrh-bearing Women, 14.05.2023 - Sunday of the Samaritan Woman, 25.05.2023 - Ascension of Christ (12 great feasts), 28.05.2023 - Sunday of the Fathers of the First Ecumenical Council, 18.06.2023 - Sunday of all Russian Saints, 09.05 - Remembrance of the departed soldiers, 04.11.2023 - Demetrius (Parental) Saturday, 12.06.2023 - 11.07.2023 - the Apostles' Fast, -. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. It was also the official calendar of the Byzantine Empire from 988 to 1453, and of Kievan Rus' and Russia from c. 988 to 1700. This Web site by St. Thomas Orthodox Church is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 - powered by Enfold WordPress Theme. As in Western Christian Lent, Great Lent lasts 40 days (but includes Sundays) and moves from year to year. 2022 Fasting Calendar Download. Share on Facebook; Share on Twitter; . 26), Repose of St. Innocent (Mar. 3 STRICT FAST. Meanwhile, in Europe, starting in 1582, the reformed calendar, introduced by order of Pope Gregory XIII, gradually spread. 14:17).. Telegram | Orthodox Calendar Wednesday March 1, 2023 / February 16, 2023 First Week of the Great Lent. From January 2 (December 20), fasting is stricter and fish is not consumed until Nativity. ?}sn4`?edu>7_F'>rMmX~>swFk?G\Gc=D1N 4i*;E%P+ZUjrZuy9|*|N~_~oGg]v?k1ouxM?~>|cCeZ;b/kkTkn;0cge?Vfye,/7(4&M^$ys5*#p5nIv|^y 1s{QKw|$mQ;]bKQhxs#uV^/MMymP[mj_+jSwM 4X92~G"r,32LjG=n")'#bM>m~M[o"S-Vf= t|,NA/ok(Ix+c)o__Z( Day 10 hours, night 14 hours. The rules for fasting prescribed by the holy canons are quite rigid; and, although they are still observed in the monasteries and by the very devout, most Orthodox Christians today find it difficult to uphold the traditional practice for the length of time prescribed. Pascha, 01.05.2022 - Sunday of St. Thomas. There are some guidelines to help us to stick to the Nativity Fast meal plan: Frequent meals calm the body when changing the diet. Their purpose, of course, was to preserve the original practice of celebrating Easter following the vernal equinox. A listing of department members and their contact information. 4051 Melrose Ave, Los Angeles, California . Each year the Secretariat of Divine Worship of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops publishes the Liturgical Calendar for the Dioceses of the United States of America.