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), Also included in:WHOLE YEAR US HISTORY GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS Worksheets Activities APUSH Reg. I didnt forget about the Roosevelt Corollary. On September 2, 1901, Teddy Roosevelt used the phrase "speak softly, and carry a big stick" to describe his foreign policy. Any subject. Excited by the work, Roosevelt became the first sitting U.S. president to leave the country while in office. Although he supported the Open Door notes as an excellent economic policy in China, Roosevelt lamented the fact that the United States had no strong military presence in the region to enforce it. Helping students analyze, Progressive Presidents Graphic Organizer Theodore (Teddy) Roosevelt, Howard Taft, Woodrow WilsonVocabulary Sherman Anti-Trust ActSquare DealTheodore Roosevelt Political Cartoon AnalysisTrust Childrens BureauGifford PinchotBallinger-Pinchot Affair 1909Election of 1912Bull Moose PartyNew Freedom 3 Areas of Triple Wall of Privilege 16th Amendment Federal Reserve Act Clayton Anti-Trust ActKEY INCLUDEDSincerely,Highly effective teacherCheck out my other products to save time! He was president until 1909. Also included in:BUNDLE of 12 Essential Primary Source Documents 11th grade U.S. HISTORY, Also included in:Progressive Era and Gilded Age Curriculum Unit Bundle, Also included in:US History Part 2 PowerPoint and Guided Notes Bundle, Also included in:Political Cartoon Analysis BUNDLE - 30 US History Activities - Print & Digital, Also included in:PROGRESSIVE ERA Progressivism (GROWING BUNDLE! You may have noticed the rather large stick Roosevelt was carrying in the last cartoon. After taking on leadership, he implemented a key strategy to build an American empire, which establishes a threat to other countries rather than uses the outright channel of military force. Theodore's looks, mannerisms, and determined nature endeared him to political cartoonists. This rationale also rested on the young presidents philosophy, which he termed the strenuous life, and that prized challenges overseas as opportunities to instill American men with the resolve and vigor they allegedly had once acquired in the Trans-Mississippi West. Roosevelt, throughout his political life, felt that being prepared for conflict was the best recourse the United States had to prevent war. The phrase came to be automatically associated with Roosevelt and was frequently used by the press, especially in cartoons, to refer particularly to his foreign policy; in Latin America and the Caribbean, he enacted the Big Stick policy (in foreign policy, also known as the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine) to police the small debtor nations that had unstable governments. PDF. Roosevelt believed that while the coercive power wielded by the United States could be harmful in the wrong hands, the Western Hemispheres best interests were also the best interests of the United States. Search the Bridgeman archive by uploading an image. Following his presidency, writing in Outlook magazine in 1914 about Belgiums lack of preparedness for World War I, Roosevelt returned to the metaphor of the big stick: One of the main lessons to learn from this war is embodied in the homely proverb, Speak softly and carry a big stick. Persistently only half of this proverb has been quoted in deriding the men who wish to safeguard our national interest and honor. A collection of some of these cartoons is on display at Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace N.H.S. This resource includes a snippet from The Jungle by Upton Sinclair with questions regarding the text. The boats are labeled Debt Collector and Tax Collector. The fact is, even accounting for Romney's proposed $7.9 trillion addition to the defense budget that aims to make America's stick bigger in absolute terms, there's very little the two men are likely to do themselves to change the United States' power position relative to everyone else. Source. Roosevelts Big Stick Foreign Policy by OpenStaxCollege is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. The main idea of the political cartoon was to present commentary on a political figure as well as issue it in a thought-provoking and amusing manner. ("Good offices" is a term used for the influential and beneficent intervention by a neutral third party in a dispute.) But what befell Luxembourg six weeks ago, what has befallen China again and again during the past quarter of a century shows that no amount of speaking softly will save any people which does not carry a big stick. Compared to other countries, its size is gigantic, and it's been that way ever since World War II. Most importantly, the introduction of fumigation systems and mosquito nets following Dr. Walter Reeds discovery of the role of mosquitoes in the spread of malaria and yellow fever reduced the death rate and restored the fledgling morale among workers and American-born supervisors. TR in France, 1900. Publicly described as a goodwill tour, the message to the Japanese government regarding American interests was equally clear. Students take on the role of reporters to get the scoop on the Progressive Era. The Roosevelt Corollary took the Monroe Doctrine beyond prohibiting colonization of North and South America by Europeans. Contains four political cartoons about Theodore Roosevelt. He sent money to Panamanian mercenaries to fund a revolt against Colombia. Big Stick diplomacy is the policy of carefully mediated negotiation ("speaking softly") supported by the unspoken threat of a powerful military ("big stick"). This generated such loud applause as to suggest the audience took his 'adage' as aggressive, rather than cautionary. Although it looks as if both men are happy with leaving Roosevelt's policies in the White House, Taft chose a different direction than the "big stick" policy. This worksheet would go best with a lesson on the Progressive Era reforms (Ida Tarbell, Jacob Riis, Ida B. Thus, the image presents Roosevelt as an able man who is capable of taking extreme steps hence elaborating on the Big Stick policy. 1904. Streamline your workflow with our best-in-class digital asset management system. Introduction. . This activity will help to increase student growth using an engaging and effective method! Changing alliances, shifting economic needs, and power politics all meant that the United States would need to tread carefully to maintain its status as a world power. Roosevelt was president during a time of significant immigration between 1900 and 1915 America welcomed over 15 million immigrants as many as it had during the previous 40 years. Photo credit Granger / Bridgeman Images . As Roosevelt drags the steamships along with him, he appears to look like he has already made his rounds throughout the Caribbean and Central America hence impacting his influence where he felt fit. 1901-1909: Big Stick Diplomat and Peacemaker. Recurring landslides made the excavation of the Culebra Cut one of the most technically challenging elements in the construction of the Panama Canal. After the Columbians refused . . There are several stories about the actual event that took place to lead to the creation of the teddy bear. It's free to sign up and bid on jobs. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. For the first year of operations, the United States worked primarily to build adequate housing, cafeterias, warehouses, machine shops, and other elements of infrastructure that previous French efforts had failed to consider. Which cartoon was your favorite? RM MR389T - Cartoon depicting Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) an American statesman, author, explorer, soldier, and naturalist, who served as the 26th President of the United States. Even if you are not a student, political cartoons can be a great way to gain insight into the political sentiments of both the present and of the past, and at the very least they are usually entertaining for their gross caricatures of famous politicians. TR's Foreign Policy. The canal opened in 1914, permanently changing world trade and military defense patterns. Open Document. Instead, Roosevelt sought to maintain a balance of power, wherein the various Asian countries kept each other in check and no single player grew too powerful. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Larger images of these cartoons can also be seen in our photo gallery. Initially, Roosevelt supported the Japanese position. Roosevelt's point wasn't that the United States should intervene at the drop of a hat -- it was that talking politely and allowing others to perceive Washington's latent power would do more for it than it would to go around making examples of people. Stations The Jungle Upton Sinclair, Gilded Age Theodore Roosevelt Wall Street Political Cartoon Primary Source, Teddy Roosevelt and the Progressive Era - Cartoon & Video Activity, PROGRESSIVE ERA REFORM Muckrakers Progressivism STATIONS (PDF & GOOGLE), PROGRESSIVE ERA Progressivism (GROWING BUNDLE!). In a letter written to Henry L. Sprague dated January 26, 1900 the then Governor of New York, Teddy Roosevelt stated. Political Cartoon #2: Title the cartoon: _____Then and Now_____ 1.) However, prior to Roosevelt receiving the nomination for re-election in 1904, Mark Hanna privately looked for another candidate. On September 2, 1901, United States Vice President Theodore Roosevelt outlined his ideal foreign policy in a speech at the Minnesota State Fair in Falcon Heights, Minnesota: Speak softly, and carry a big stick. Two weeks later, Roosevelt became president and Big Stick diplomacy defined his leadership. Any type of essay. Analyze the political cartoon. Nast as influenced by Roosevelt actions to lead America into greatness hence he drew an image correctly representing how he and other Americans viewed Roosevelt as a President. A) "The big stick in the Caribbean sea". Rogers. All rights reserved. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Roosevelt unilaterally attached the concept to the Monroe Doctrine, despite the fact that it had little to do with the initial . These negotiations also garnered the Nobel Peace Prize for Roosevelt, the first American to receive the award. Theodore Roosevelt Jr. (October 27, 1858 - January 6, 1919), often referred to as Teddy or his initials T. R., was an American politician, statesman, conservationist, naturalist, historian, and writer who served as the 26th president of the United States from 1901 to 1909. Pr, With the Progressive Era and Gilded Age Project - the Quick and Easy Newspaper, you skip the lecture. The political cartoon reflects the economic trends of the late 19th century that contributed to the expansion of American imperialism. He would negotiate peacefully, but threaten force. What is prohibition? I usually give this quick introduction lesson and analysis of political cartoons to students upon first introducing Progressivism, T.R., and U.S. Political cartoons are generally regarded as a hypertrophied imagination of the political or social reality of the particular time epoch. They provide an excellent reinforcement of key ideas of the Progressive Era curriculum.I use these skill-building activities with my secondary US History students during our Progressive Era Un, Content Gilded AgeProgressive EraIda TarbellStandard Oil v. USMuckrakerTenementsJacob RiisHow the Other Half LivesJane Addams (reformer)Hull HouseSettlement HousesMeat Inspection ActPure Food and Drug ActReading Comprehension: The Jungle by Upton SinclairSquare Deal3 Cs of Square DealTrust-BusterSherman-Anti Trust ActPreservationistJohn MuirHetch HetchySierra ClubCoal-Strike of 1902Newlands Reclamation ActJohn Muir Reading Comprehension with QuestionsSherman Anti-Trust ActSquare DealTheodore Ro, PLEASE TAKE TIME TO LEAVE FEEDBACK! The image illustrates this idea as Roosevelt is seen dragging along a fleet of steamships indicating that he is in control. Grow your brand authentically by sharing brand content with the internets creators. Each cartoon is paired with three analysis questions. . D.) . Sit back relax and leave the writing to us. Both men see the United States leading the world. Still Image/Political Cartoon. The figure of a great charisma in the cartoon, Theodore Roosevelt, commanded attention and respect in his ruling times as he was perceived as a powerful figure. At the same time, he sent a message to his counterparts in Central and South America, should the United States see problems erupt in the region, that it would intervene in order to maintain peace and stability throughout the hemisphere. Little prep and great depth! This resource includes:Informational texts on topics listed belowStudent guide3 graphic organizersT, This wonderful lesson on Imperialism and the Progressive Era in US History reviews the policies and accomplishments of four major presidents of the period: William McKinley,Theodore RooseveltWilliam Howard TaftWoodrow WilsonFor each president, slides with excellent visuals cover their domestic policies and progressive ideas. I created this resource to help students understand that these two eras overlap and interact. Want to create or adapt books like this? Theodore Roosevelt: Foreign Affairs. Results will return exact matches only.Any images with overlay of text may not produce accurate results.Details of larger images will search for their corresponding detail. . The resource includes a clear political cartoon, an informative text to provide historical context for students, and a graphic organizer with scaffolded analysis questions that follow Bloom's Taxonomy! It's equally disingenuous to suggest that under Romney, America's stick would get much better at beating people up. Roosevelt, with his big stick policy, was able to keep the United States out of military conflicts by employing the legitimate threat of force. One of the major components of Big Stick Diplomacy was the Roosevelt Corollary. That's a difference of opinion you can have a debate about. Both documents have been abridged and broken into manageable chunks with guiding questions, document-based questions, higher-level thinking questions and relevant political cartoons. . While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. In one case, Nelson Harding's January 12, 1909, cartoon depicts two different points of view. Just this: No matter who's in charge, America has been and in four years will still be the most powerful nation on the planet -- the country with the biggest, pointiest stick. Some people considered him too powerful and overbearing while others regarded him as a perfect strength in credentials and character fitted for the presidency. During the trip the hunters were not having any luck, so a few of them decided to catch a bear cub they found and tie it to a tree for the President to shoot. For this, Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906. His big stick policies were present in the majority of his political undertakings. In this addition, Roosevelt states that the United States would use military force as an international police power to correct any chronic wrongdoing by any Latin American nation that might threaten stability in the region. Each of the four address a different topic: vice presidency, his many roles, temperament and attitude, and trustbusting. First, the cartoon presents President Roosevelt as a significant commanding figure. Theodore Roosevelt was born on October 27, 1858, in New York City to parents Theodore Roosevelt, Sr., and Martha Bulloch Roosevelt. Introduce your students to the Progressive Era through this quick and easy newspaper project. I use these primary source analysis activities to help prepare my students for the state End of Course (EOC) Exam a.k.a. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. In the first decade of the 1900's, the United States is beginning a progressive movement and increasing involvement with foreign affairs. Dont you just love how he is depicted as an eager kid at Christmas waiting for his present, which he did receive. Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. This timeline of the Panama Canal illustrates the efforts involved in both the French and U.S. canal projects. 274 Madison Avenue, Suite 1604 Students create cover stories, political cartoons, editorials and more. THANKS VERY MUCH!! President Theodore Roosevelt's assertive approach to Latin America and the Caribbean has often been characterized as the "Big Stick," and his policy came to be known as the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. While they were eating off fancy china on mahogany tables in . The resultant negotiations secured peace in the region, with Japan gaining control over Korea, several former Russian bases in Manchuria, and the southern half of Sakhalin Island. The Colombian people were outraged over the loss of their land to the United States, and saw the payment as far too low. The Great Depression, 1929-1932, Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932-1941, Fighting the Good Fight in World War II, 1941-1945, Post-War Prosperity and Cold War Fears, 1945-1960, Political Storms at Home and Abroad, 1968-1980, The Challenges of the Twenty-First Century. What does the cartoon reveal about how Roosevelt used this diplomacy in Caribbean nations? Open Door Policy: John Hay's Open Door Policy through Cartoon Analysis! While President McKinley ushered in the era of the American empire through military strength and economic coercion, his successor, Theodore Roosevelt, established a new foreign policy approach, allegedly based on a favorite African proverb, "speak softly, and carry a big stick, and you will go far" (Figure 22.14).At the crux of his foreign policy was a thinly veiled threat. Romney's argument is that increasing American power -- making the stick . ***Designe, This worksheet works on a number of different skill sets: reading comprehension, multiple choice questions, political cartoon analysis, and reading excerpt analysis. Panama Canal Political Cartoon. (Constable is an old word for a policeman.) Like this cartoon, much of the press praised President Theodore Roosevelt's central role as a diligent and patient mediator in the conflict. It shows Roosevelt as wanting the U.S. to become like a "World Constable" or international policeman helping to settle disputes among nations. The foreign policy decisions made by Presidents Taft and Wilson Taft was President from 1909 - 1913. As a former student of history education I have a deep appreciation for political cartoons, and I especially like the political cartoons about Theodore Roosevelt. 1 photographic print. Woodrow Wilson Theodore Roosevelt Political Cartoon Primary Source, Teddy Roosevelt Taft Wilson Graphic Organizer Worksheet Sherman Anti-Trust Act, WHOLE YEAR US HISTORY GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS Worksheets Activities APUSH Reg. President Roosevelt used Big Stick diplomacy in many foreign policy situations. The image uses rhetorical appeals and context to represent its ideas as well as convince the targeted audience. You cant deny he is fascinating and accomplished a lot, even if at times his actions were questionable. The artist depicted an important event in the American history, which took place during Theodore Roosevelt presidency; hence acting as a testament to that by rhetorically representing significant details. 2023 Getty Images. In this sense, he was like a child. Check Writing Quality. Students should be able to interpret Teddy Roosevelt's opinions of big business and regulation through reading primary source speeches. From underwriting a revolution in Panama with the goal of building a canal to putting troops in Cuba, Roosevelt vastly increased the U.S. impact in Latin America. 4.9. Panama is a good example of this. He did so by sending the U.S. Great White Fleet on maneuvers in the western Pacific Ocean as a show of force from December 1907 through February 1909. Title: Speak softly and carry a big stick - you will go far Collection: Library of Congress Manuscript Division. Unlike the Monroe Doctrine, which proclaimed an American policy of noninterference with its neighbors affairs, the Roosevelt Corollary loudly proclaimed the right and obligation of the United States to involve itself whenever necessary. When McKinley ran with Roosevelt as his vice president, Hanna declared, Theres only one life between that madman and the Presidency, and we all know how that turned out. Included is also a small section on anti-trust legislation (Sherman Anti-Trust/Interstate Commerce Act) and also initiative, recall, and referendum. He believed that if the U.S. made a show of force to the rest of the world, other nations might be more hesitant to challenge the American military. Chronic wrongdoing, or an impotence which results in a general loosening of the ties of civilized society, may in America, as elsewhere, require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however, reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power.. Although such is not explicitly represented in the cartoon, it is evident when Roosevelt is seen pulling naval ships using a string. . Their causes included public health, city planning, the prohibition of alcohol, the income tax, the regulation of big business, conservation, primary elections, and the popular election of United States senators, among others. Creator. With the construction of the canal now underway, Roosevelt next wanted to send a clear message to the rest of the worldand in particular to his European counterpartsthat the colonization of the Western Hemisphere had now ended, and their interference in the countries there would no longer be tolerated. Description: Minneapolis Journal publishes Charles L. Bartholomew's political cartoon "Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick - You Will go Far" the day after President Roosevelt used the quote in a speech in Chicago. Big Stick Diplomacy refers to the foreign policy of President Theodore Roosevelt. Im not sure, but this just might be my favorite political cartoon of Teddy Roosevelt. (27) $3.00. Eventually, Presidents Herbert Hoover and Franklin Roosevelt softened American rhetoric regarding U.S. domination of the Western Hemisphere, with the latter proclaiming a new Good Neighbor Policy that renounced American intervention in other nations affairs. Even though they decided to build a lock-system rather than a sea-level canal, workers still had to excavate over 170 million cubic yards of earth with the use of over one hundred new rail-mounted steam shovels ([link]). Satirical cartoon in 'Judge' about Theodore Roosevelt's 'Big Stick' policy, 1900-1907, United States, Washington . At the same time, a new wave of American engineers planned for the construction of the canal. As practiced by Roosevelt, big stick diplomacy had five . The corollary prevented the establishment of foreign bases in the Caribbean and allowed the U.S. to intervene in Latin America. 10, First Avenue,Muswell Hill,New York, United States, Pay someone to write my personal statement, Pay someone to write my literature review. Don't forget to earn TPT credits by rating the resource that you purchased! Corrections? Dated 20th century. Roosevelt once famously said, "Speak softly, and carry a big . In 1904, angered by the massing of Russian troops along the Manchurian border, and the threat it represented to the region, Japan launched a surprise naval attack upon the Russian fleet. Students should be able to interpret political cartoons relating to monopolies, and explain how many Americans felt about the power of trusts. Following the successful revolution, Panama became an American protectorate, and remained so until 1939. Tillman's pitchfork was almost as recognizable as Roosevelt's big stick, and the two iconic symbols occasionally appeared together in cartoons. Started by the French Compagnie Universelle du Canal Interoceanique on February 1, 1881, the project had . He did so with the Roosevelt Corollary, in which he stated: It is not true that the United States feels any land hunger or entertains any projects as regards the other nations of the Western Hemisphere save as such are for their welfare. who would help the people in their time of need. They felt that Roosevelts deal offered too little money. 2.) Since Teddy Roosevelt was highly respected, many believed in him and his words. This can be used in class or as homework as its a completely stand alone assignment. 1. Earlier, in a letter to a friend, while he was still the governor of New York, Roosevelt cited his fondness for a West African proverb, Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far. The phrase was also used later by Roosevelt to explain his relations with domestic political leaders and his approach to such issues as the regulation of monopolies and the demands of trade unions. The presentation includes visuals, maps, political cartoons, and a wrap-up activity where students demonstrate their knowledge by completing a cartoon strip. Theodore Roosevelt came to the presidency intent on expanding U.S. power abroad and with a belief that America should be . Romney would prefer that Obama be more aggressive with his foreign policy. Theodore Roosevelt and the Environment Inquisitive and single-minded, TR pursued his interest in nature relentlessly it was a pursuit that would impact America's wild places for decades after . In a speech delivered at the Minnesota State Fair on September 2, 1901 he said, "Speak softly, and carry a big stick." . When you reach out to him or her, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource. Roosevelt described his style of foreign policy as "the exercise of intelligent forethought and of decisive action sufficiently far in advance of . The Roosevelt Corollary was used as a rationale for American involvement in the Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, Haiti, and other Latin American countries, straining relations between Central America and its dominant neighbor to the north throughout the twentieth century. Roosevelt's big stick is teh threat he gave of using federal troops to occupy the coal mines with in order to get people their coal. He felt, in short, that the United States had the right and the obligation to be the policeman of the hemisphere. Having trouble finding the perfect essay? This quote is used in Angry Staff Officer's article "How 'Big Stick Policy . This cartoon re-tells the story of Jack and the Beanstalk with President Theodore Roosevelt as Jack confronting various . As a result, when conflicts did arise on the other side of the Pacific, Roosevelt adopted a policy of maintaining a balance of power among the nations there. So, it is not much of an exaggeration to depict Roosevelt wading in the Caribbean like he owns the place; in one sense he kind of did. Search for jobs related to Teddy roosevelt political cartoon big stick or hire on the world's largest freelancing marketplace with 22m+ jobs. The Roosevelt Corollary was a foreign policy statement by Teddy Roosevelt in 1904 that claimed the right of the United States to intervene in the domestic affairs of Western Hemisphere nations to maintain stability. Observers have pointed out that Romney's foreign policy actually resembles Obama's in many respects. When Panama won independence from Columbia they signed a treaty granting the U.S. construction of the canal. The lesson is easily adaptable to fit your teaching style. Bridgeman Images There's just one problem with Romney's analogy. Show More. The artist would illustrate politicians as outrageous animals in an attempt to create imagery that would connect with his audience and show those who he opposed. They agreed to sell land to the United States to build the canal, but in a less advantageous location than the Panamanians. The image was made when American history was at its break out as the international affairs were heating up and the US was emerging from the Industrial Revolution after taking some time to focus on home matters. When Japan later exercised its authority over its gains by forcing American business interests out of Manchuria in 19061907, Roosevelt felt he needed to invoke his big stick foreign policy, even though the distance was great. These analysis activities provide the perfect way to integrate content and skill-building into your lessons. The image is conveying an illustration of Theodore Roosevelt with his expansion and enforcement of the Monroe Doctrine. Imperialism political cartoon analysis activity examines the Roosevelt Corollary and Big Stick Policy in Latin America. Additionally, there are 2 political cartoons that are related to The Jungle and the work of Theodore Roosevelt to clean up the meat packing industry. He is seen making dragging along a fleet of ships across the Caribbean Sea from Panam, Mexico, Santo Domingo, Venezuela, and Cuba; Roosevelt is making big strides while holding a big stick on his shoulder. Who were the Muckrakers? The Dilemma of the West, African Americans in the Antebellum United States, The Filibuster and the Quest for New Slave States, An Awakening of Religion and Individualism, The Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Republican Party, The Dred Scott Decision and Sectional Strife, The Origins and Outbreak of the Civil War, Congress and the Remaking of the South, 18651866, The Loss of American Indian Life and Culture, The Impact of Expansion on Chinese Immigrants and Hispanic Citizens, Building Industrial America on the Backs of Labor, The African American Great Migration and New European Immigration, Political Corruption in Postbellum America, The Key Political Issues: Patronage, Tariffs, and Gold, The Origins of the Progressive Spirit in America, New Voices for Women and African Americans, The Spanish-American War and Overseas Empire, American Isolationism and the European Origins of War, Demobilization and Its Difficult Aftermath, Prosperity and the Production of Popular Entertainment, Republican Ascendancy: Politics in the 1920s, Assessing the Hoover Years on the Eve of the New Deal, The Origins of War: Europe, Asia, and the United States, The African American Struggle for Civil Rights, Jimmy Carter in the Aftermath of the Storm, Age of Empire: American Foreign Policy, 1890-1914.