No. While this was considered a controversial method at the time, she succeeded. For Latin Empress, see, Partitions of PolishLithuanian Commonwealth. However, military conscription and the economy continued to depend on serfdom, and the increasing demands of the state and of private landowners intensified the exploitation of serf labour. [111] Orthodox Russians disliked the inclusion of Judaism, mainly for economic reasons. But in a purely humanitarian light, Catherines expansionist drive came at a great cost to the conquered nations and the czarinas own country alike. [82], During Catherine's reign, Russians imported and studied the classical and European influences that inspired the Russian Enlightenment. 12. pp. She addressed me immediately in a voice full of sweetness, if a little throaty: "I am delighted to welcome you here, Madame, your reputation runs before you. This commission promised to protect their religious rights, but did not do so. Catherine created the Orenburg Muslim Spiritual Assembly to help regulate Muslim-populated regions as well as regulate the instruction and ideals of mullahs. [101], Catherine's apparent embrace of all things Russian (including Orthodoxy) may have prompted her personal indifference to religion. [100] Two years after the implementation of Catherine's program, a member of the National Commission inspected the institutions established. Th, The 8 weirdest British monarch deaths in history, Historys greatest love affair: Catherine the Great and Grigory Potemkin, Catherine the Great and the coup that made her Empress, Josephine Baker: The iconic performer turned WWII hero. 5 November]1796, Catherine rose early in the morning and had her usual morning coffee, soon settling down to work on papers; she told her lady's maid, Maria Perekusikhina, that she had slept better than she had in a long time. After Peter took a mistress, Catherine became involved with other prominent court figures. Finally Catherine annexed the Crimea in 1783. On 5 August 1786, the Russian Statute of National Education was created. Many cities and towns were founded on Catherine's orders in the newly conquered lands, most notably Odessa, Yekaterinoslav (to-day known as Dnipro), Kherson, Nikolayev, and Sevastopol. [115] She closed 569 of 954 monasteries, of which only 161 received government money. Two wings were devoted to her collections of "curiosities". She consulted British education pioneers, particularly the Rev. [107] Judaism was a small, if not non-existent, religion in Russia until 1772. Catherine longed for recognition as an enlightened sovereign. Hulus The Great offers an irreverent, ahistorical take on the Russian empress life. The most famous of these rumors is that she died after having sex with her horse. He would announce trying drills in the morning to male servants, who later joined Catherine in her room to sing and dance until late hours. Catherine was stretched on a ceremonial bed surrounded by the coats of arms of all the towns in Russia. The official cause of death was advertised as hemorrhoidal colican absurd diagnosis that soon became a popular euphemism for assassination, according to Montefiore. In 1787, Catherine conducted a triumphal procession in the Crimea, which helped provoke the next Russo-Turkish War.[35]. The truth of the matter was Catherine couldnt trust the systematic bureaucracy in Russia nor the many noblemen installed by her husband before her. She applied herself to learning the Russian language with zeal, rising at night and walking about her bedroom barefoot, repeating her lessons. The empress prepared the "Instructions for the Guidance of the Assembly", pillaging (as she frankly admitted) the philosophers of Western Europe, especially Montesquieu and Cesare Beccaria.[80][81]. Catherine waged a new war against Persia in 1796 after they, under the new king Agha Mohammad Khan, had again invaded Georgia and established rule in 1795 and had expelled the newly established Russian garrisons in the Caucasus. Petersburg." Because the serfs had no political power, they rioted to convey their message. They refused to comply, and in 1764, she deported over 20,000 Old Believers to Siberia on the grounds of their faith. A shrewd statesman, Panin dedicated much effort and millions of roubles to setting up a "Northern Accord" between Russia, Prussia, Poland and Sweden, to counter the power of the BourbonHabsburg League. In 1775, the empress decreed a Statute for the Administration of the Provinces of the Russian Empire. This spurred Russian interest in opening trade with Japan to the south for supplies and food. The fifth film. Catherine the Great painted by Vigilius Eriksen in 1778-9. Eight days later, the dethroned tsar was dead, killed under still-uncertain circumstances alternatively characterized as murder, the inadvertent result of a drunken brawl and a total accident. I have said that she was quite small, and yet on the days when she made her public appearances, with her head held high, her eagle-like stare and a countenance accustomed to command, all this gave her such an air of majesty that to me she might have been Queen of the World; she wore the sashes of three orders, and her costume was both simple and regal; it consisted of a muslin tunic embroidered with gold fastened by a diamond belt, and the full sleeves were folded back in the Asiatic style. These reforms in the Cadet Corps influenced the curricula of the Naval Cadet Corps and the Engineering and Artillery Schools. Russian local authorities helped his party, and the Russian government decided to use him as a trade envoy. She started out married to Emperor Peter III, as Time tells us, who was less than competent. Perhaps most impressively, the empressborn a virtually penniless Prussian princesswielded power for three decades despite the fact that she had no claim to the crown whatsoever. The monarch was succeeded by her son,. "The circumstances and cause of death, and the intentions and degree of responsibility of those involved can never be known," wrote Robert K. Massie in his seminal biography, Catherine the Great: Portrait of a Woman. Sophie's childhood was very uneventful. In reality, those in power were beginning to fear the power that Russia was now wielding. [109][110], In an attempt to assimilate the Jews into Russia's economy, Catherine included them under the rights and laws of the Charter of the Towns of 1782. [83][84], Catherine also received Elisabeth Vige Le Brun at her Tsarskoye Selo residence in St Petersburg, by whom she was painted shortly before her death. The cause of death is unclear, though the official autopsy report indicates that he died of hemorrhoids and an apoplectic stroke. Ostensibly reigning on behalf of Peters heir apparentthe couples 8-year-old son, Paulshe had no intention of yielding the throne once her son came of age. Ollie Upton/Hulu. Catherine was a patron of the arts, literature, and education. The plan was another attempt to force nomadic people to settle. [33][34], The Russian victories procured access to the Black Sea and allowed Catherine's government to incorporate present-day southern Ukraine, where the Russians founded the new cities of Odessa, Nikolayev, Yekaterinoslav (literally: "the Glory of Catherine"), and Kherson. [117] While claiming religious tolerance, she intended to recall the Old Believers into the official church. The commission had to consider the needs of the Russian Empire and the means of satisfying them. This was another attempt to organise and passively control the outer fringes of her country. Old Believers were allowed to hold elected municipal positions after the Urban Charter of 1785, and she promised religious freedom to those who wished to settle in Russia. Her mother was Joanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp. Large sums were paid to Gustav III. Derided both in her day and in modern times as a hypocritical warmonger with an unnatural sexual appetite, Catherine was a woman of contradictions whose brazen exploits have long overshadowed the accomplishments that won her the Great moniker in the first place. By cleverly surrounding herself with those allied to her cause she strengthened her hold on the throne. [120] By separating the public interests from those of the church, Catherine began a secularisation of the day-to-day workings of Russia. Her many military campaigns, on the other hand, represent a less palatable aspect of her legacy. This second lost pregnancy was also attributed to Saltykov; Born at the Winter Palace, officially he was a son of Peter III but in her memoirs, Catherine implies very strongly that Saltykov was the biological father of the child. [114] Endowments from the government replaced income from privately held lands. She expanded Russia's borders to the Black Sea and into central Europe during her reign. Daniel Dumaresq and Dr John Brown. Catherine the Great, Russian Yekaterina Velikaya, also called Catherine II, Russian in full Yekaterina Alekseyevna, original name Sophie Friederike Auguste, Prinzessin von Anhalt-Zerbst, (born April 21 [May 2, New Style], 1729, Stettin, Prussia [now Szczecin, Poland]died November 6 [November 17], 1796, Tsarskoye Selo [now Pushkin], near St. Petersburg, Russia), German-born empress of Russia . Longest ruling Russian empress, 17621796, "Catherine II" redirects here. Isabel De Madariaga, "Catherine the Great." He warned of uprisings in Russia because of the deplorable social conditions of the serfs. . Thanks to these ties, she soon found herself engaged to the heir to the Russian throne: Peter, nephew of the reigning empress, Elizabeth, and grandson of another renowned Romanov, Peter the Great. Although Catherine did not descend from the Romanov dynasty, her ancestors included members of the Rurik dynasty, which preceded the Romanovs. In one portrait, hes managed to just somehow portray both sides of this compelling leader., Meilan Solly [43] In 1762, he unilaterally abrogated the Treaty of Kyakhta, which governed the caravan trade between the two empires. Closer to home, her success, coupled with how she came to power, led to jealously and fear among her male objectors in the Russian court. She acted as mediator in the War of the Bavarian Succession (17781779) between the German states of Prussia and Austria. Running and games were forbidden, and the building was kept particularly cold because too much warmth was believed to be harmful to the developing body, as was excessive play. However, if the empress' policies were too extreme or too disliked, she was not considered the true empress. In his 1647 book Beschreibung der muscowitischen und persischen Reise (Description of the Muscovite and Persian journey), German scholar Adam Olearius[136] Olearius's claims about a supposed Russian tendency towards bestiality with horses was often repeated in anti-Russian literature throughout the 17th and 18th centuries to illustrate the alleged barbarous "Asian" nature of Russia. Her father did not travel to Russia for the wedding. They submitted recommendations for the establishment of a general system of education for all Russian orthodox subjects from the age of 5 to 18, excluding serfs. This is the real history behind the period comedy. [72], Catherine shared in the general European craze for all things Chinese, and made a point of collecting Chinese art and buying porcelain in the popular Chinoiserie style. He lauded her accomplishments, calling her "The Star of the North" and the "Semiramis of Russia" (in reference to the legendary Queen of Babylon, a subject on which he published a tragedy in 1768). Russia was to stop any involvement in internal affairs of Sweden. Her son Pavel later was inoculated as well. In addition to collecting art, Catherine commissioned an array of new cultural projects, including an imposing bronze monument to Peter the Great, Russias first state library, exact replicas of Raphaels Vatican City loggias and palatial neoclassical buildings constructed across St. Petersburg. By the winter of 1773, the Pugachev revolt had started to threaten. Mourning dress is to be worn for six months, and no longer: the shorter the better. Wikimedia Commons. Catherine's undated will, discovered in early 1792 among her papers by her secretary Alexander Vasilievich Khrapovitsky, gave specific instructions should she die: "Lay out my corpse dressed in white, with a golden crown on my head, and on it inscribe my Christian name. She . Under Catherine's rule, despite her enlightened ideals, the serfs were generally unhappy and discontented. [62] This happened more often during Catherine's reign because of the new schools she established. [citation needed] Catherine chose to assimilate Islam into the state rather than eliminate it when public outcry became too disruptive. With the support of Great Britain, Russia colonised the territories of New Russia along the coasts of the Black and Azov Seas. She later wrote that she stayed at one end of the castle, and Peter at the other.[10]. [86] She believed a 'new kind of person' could be created by inculcating Russian children with European education. As Simon Sebag Montefiore notes in The Romanovs: 16181918, Peter, then on holiday in the suburbs of St. Petersburg, was oblivious to his wifes actions. She died of natural causes, of a stroke, when she was 67 years old. Days earlier, she had found out about an uprising in the Volga region. [4] The more than 300 sovereign entities of the Holy Roman Empire, many of them quite small and powerless, made for a highly competitive political system as the various princely families fought for advantage over each other, often via political marriages. This allowed the Russian government to control more people, especially those who previously had not fallen under the jurisdiction of Russian law. She had the book burned and the author exiled to Siberia. | Non-Russian opinion of Catherine is less favourable. Catherine gave away 66,000 serfs from 1762 to 1772, 202,000 from 1773 to 1793, and 100,000 in one day: 18 August 1795. Add some worm castings if you choose. [23][24] On 17 July 1762eight days after the coup that amazed the outside world[25] and just six months after his accession to the thronePeter III died at Ropsha, possibly at the hands of Alexei Orlov (younger brother to Grigory Orlov, then a court favourite and a participant in the coup). Heres what you need to know to separate fact from fiction ahead of the series May 15 premiere. Cookie Policy In addition to the textbooks translated by the commission, teachers were provided with the "Guide to Teachers". Writing for History Extra, Hartley describes Catherines Russia as an undoubtedly aggressive nation that clashed with the Ottomans, Sweden, Poland, Lithuania and the Crimea in pursuit of additional territory for an already vast empire. In 1768, she formally became the protector of political rights of dissidents and peasants of the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth, which provoked an anti-Russian uprising in Poland, the Confederation of Bar (17681772), supported by France. However, because her second cousin Peter III converted to Orthodox Christianity, her mother's brother became the heir to the Swedish throne[4] and two of her first cousins, Gustav III and Charles XIII, later became Kings of Sweden. However, Catherine died from a stroke on 17 November 1796 before she could make the change. [103], Catherine took many different approaches to Islam during her reign. The next day, she left the palace and departed for the Ismailovsky Regiment, where she delivered a speech asking the soldiers to protect her from her husband. [52], Catherine made public health a priority. Other aspects of the empress personality were similarly at odds: Extravagant in most worldly endeavors, she had little interest in food and often hosted banquets that left guests wanting for more. [9], Sophie first met her future husband, who would become Peter III of Russia, at the age of 10. Construction of many mansions of the nobility, in the classical style endorsed by the empress, changed the face of the country. For example, serfs could apply to be freed if they were under illegal ownership, and non-nobles were not allowed to own serfs. She was also very fat, but her face was still beautiful, and she wore her white hair up, framing it perfectly. Hulu's new series, The Great, follows Catherine the Great and her husband Peter III of Russia, who died under mysterious circumstances after his brief ascent to . Born in 1729, and known as Catherine the Great because she served as Russia's longest-reigning female ruler, she was empress from 1762 until her death in 1796. [3] He failed to become the duke of Duchy of Courland and Semigallia and at the time of his daughter's birth held the rank of a Prussian general in his capacity as governor of the city of Stettin. Catherine then sought to have inoculations throughout her empire and stated: "My objective was, through my example, to save from death the multitude of my subjects who, not knowing the value of this technique, and frightened of it, were left in danger". 2023 Smithsonian Magazine May 14, 2020. Wrens: The history of the Women's Royal Naval Service, The life of Noor Inayat Khan: An unsung hero of WWII. [14][15] Catherine nonetheless left the final version of her memoirs to Paul I in which she explained why Paul had been Peter's son. In many ways, the Orthodox Church fared no better than its foreign counterparts during the reign of Catherine. She thus spent much of this time alone in her private boudoir to hide away from Peter's abrasive personality. Later, several rumours circulated regarding the cause and manner of her death. [54], According to a census taken from 1754 to 1762, Catherine owned 500,000 serfs. She provided support to a Polish anti-reform group known as the Targowica Confederation. In the painting, she presents her public persona, standing in front of a mirror while draped in an ornate gown and serene smile. The empress was a great lover of art and books, and ordered the construction of the Hermitage in 1770 to house her expanding collection of paintings, sculpture, and books. She acquired his collection of books from his heirs, and placed them in the National Library of Russia. Catherine The Great's Infamous Death Vigilius Eriksen/Grand Peterhof Palace Equestrian portrait of Catherine the Great in uniform of the Preobrazhensky Regiment, one of the oldest Imperial Russian guard units, circa 1762. [135], Later, several rumours circulated regarding the cause and manner of her death. Catherine was eventually able to put down the uprising, but the carnage exacted on both sides was substantial. [128], Sir Charles Hanbury Williams, the British ambassador to Russia, offered Stanislaus Poniatowski a place in the embassy in return for gaining Catherine as an ally. By building new settlements with mosques placed in them, Catherine attempted to ground many of the nomadic people who wandered through southern Russia. Catherine began issuing codes to address some of the modernisation trends suggested in her Nakaz. And though Catherine is characterized by modern viewers as very flighty and superficial, Hartley notes that she was a genuine bluestocking, waking up at 5 or 6 a.m. each morning, brewing her own pot of coffee to avoid troubling her servants, and sitting down to begin the days work. Poniatowski accepted the throne, and thereby put himself under Catherine's control. We will remember him forever. To put it bluntly, Catherine was a usurper. The leading economists of her day, such as Arthur Young and Jacques Necker, became foreign members of the Free Economic Society, established on her suggestion in Saint Petersburg in 1765. All of this meant that the target on Catherines back was even greater. Catherine named ahin Giray, a Crimean Tatar leader, to head the Crimean state and maintain friendly relations with Russia. The nobles were imposing a stricter rule than ever, reducing the land of each serf and restricting their freedoms further beginning around 1767. Grigory Orlov, the grandson of a rebel in the Streltsy Uprising (1698) against Peter the Great, distinguished himself in the Battle of Zorndorf (25 August 1758), receiving three wounds. Catherine de' Medici, also called Catherine de Mdicis, Italian Caterina de' Medici, (born April 13, 1519, Florence [Italy]died January 5, 1589, Blois, France), queen consort of Henry II of France (reigned 1547-59) and subsequently regent of France (1560-74), who was one of the most influential personalities of the Catholic-Huguenot wars. The Russian troops set out from Kizlyar in April 1796 and stormed the key fortress of Derbent on 10 May. The attitude of the serfs toward their autocrat had historically been a positive one. Catherine's death is well documented. Awaking from her delirium, however, Sophie said, "I don't want any Lutheran; I want my Orthodox father [clergyman]". When Sophie arrived in Russia in 1744, she spared no effort to ingratiate herself not only with Empress Elizabeth but with her husband and with the Russian people as well. Children of serfs were born into serfdom and worked the same land their parents had. Madame Vige Le Brun vividly describes the empress in her memoirs:[85], the sight of this famous woman so impressed me that I found it impossible to think of anything: I could only stare at her. Her dynasty lost power because of this and of a war with Austria and Germany, impossible without her foreign policy.[48]. Terms of Use How can history remember her for anything else if she died whilst trying to have sexual intercourse with a horse? 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She disliked his pale complexion and his fondness for alcohol at such a young age. [77] She especially liked the work of German comic writers such as Moritz August von Thmmel and Christoph Friedrich Nicolai. If all went as planned, according to Massie, the proposed legal code would raise the levels of government administration, of justice, and of tolerance within her empire. But these changes failed to materialize, and Catherines suggestions remained just that. Taxes doubled again for those of Jewish descent in 1794, and Catherine officially declared that Jews bore no relation to Russians. They indeed helped modernise the sector that totally dominated the Russian economy. They disliked the power she wielded over them as few other women in the world at that time could claim to have such authority. Besides her native German, Sophie became fluent in French, the lingua franca of European elites in the 18th century. Catherine's decree also denied Jews the rights of an Orthodox or naturalised citizen of Russia. [121][122] The percentage of state money spent on the court increased from 10% in 1767 to 11% in 1781 to 14% in 1795. Several bank branches were afterwards established in other towns, called government towns. Although German soldiers allegedly saw the cabinet during WWII, no visible proof of the furniture exists leading many historians to believe it's just another salacious fabrication. . I think Catherine realized that her own position and her own life [were] probably under threat, and so she acted., These tensions culminated in a July 9, 1762, coup. [103] Nevertheless, Catherine's Russia provided an asylum and a base for regrouping to the Jesuits following the suppression of the Jesuits in most of Europe in 1773. A landowner could punish his serfs at his discretion, and under Catherine the Great gained the ability to sentence his serfs to hard labour in Siberia, a punishment normally reserved for convicted criminals. Catherine I died two years after Peter I, on 17 May 1727 at age 43, in St. Petersburg, where she was buried at St. Peter and St. Paul Fortress. [99] The statute established a two-tier network of high schools and primary schools in guberniya capitals that were free of charge, open to all of the free classes (not serfs), and co-educational. Born Princess Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst, a principality in modern-day central Germany, in 1729, the czarina-to-be hailed from an impoverished Prussian family whose bargaining power stemmed from its noble connections. In addition, they received land to till, but were taxed a certain percentage of their crops to give to their landowners. While the nobility provided appreciable amounts of money for these institutions, they preferred to send their own children to private, prestigious institutions. Along the way, she became a very passionate, knowledgeable proponent of painting, sculpture, books, architecture, opera, theater and literature. The Treaty of Kk Kaynarca, signed 10 July 1774, gave the Russians territories at Azov, Kerch, Yenikale, Kinburn, and the small strip of Black Sea coast between the rivers Dnieper and Bug. As many of the democratic principles frightened her more moderate and experienced advisors, she refrained from immediately putting them into practice. Catherine II (born Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst; 2 May 1729 - 17 November 1796), most commonly known as Catherine the Great, was the reigning empress of Russia from 1762 to 1796. They were pressured into Orthodoxy through monetary incentives. Catherineflanked by Orlov and her growing cadre of supportersarrived at the Winter Palace to make her official debut as Catherine II, sole ruler of Russia. Catherine the Great. She made use of the social theory ideas of German cameralism and French physiocracy, as well as Russian precedents and experiments such as foundling homes. [92] The Establishment of the Moscow Foundling Home (Moscow Orphanage) was the first attempt at achieving that goal. Following the war and the defeat of Pugachev, Catherine laid the obligation to establish schools at the guberniya a provincial subdivision of the Russian empire ruled by a governor on the Boards of Social Welfare set up with the participation of elected representatives from the three free estates.[97]. Assessment and legacy [ edit] [53] By 1800, approximately 2million inoculations (almost 6% of the population) were administered in the Russian Empire. Russia's State Council in 1770 announced a policy in favour of eventual Crimean independence. M. B. W. Trent, "Catherine the Great Invites Euler to Return to St. Because the Moscow Foundling Home was not established as a state-funded institution, it represented an opportunity to experiment with new educational theories. The period of Catherine the Great's rule is also known as the Catherinian Era. They introduced numerous innovations regarding wheat production and flour milling, tobacco culture, sheep raising, and small-scale manufacturing. Other than these, the rights of a serf were very limited. Those who opposed her were men. Russia and Prussia had fought each other during the Seven Years' War (17561763), and Russian troops had occupied Berlin in 1761. On a personal level, Pugachevs success challenged many of Catherines Enlightenment beliefs, leaving her with memories that haunted her for the rest of her life, according to Massie. She lost the large territories of the Russian protectorate of the Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania and left its territories to Prussia and Austria. Sedgwick makes her argument . She found that piecemeal reform worked poorly because there was no overall view of a comprehensive state budget. [51], In 1768, the Assignation Bank was given the task of issuing the first government paper money. If persistent tabloid covers and made-for-television miniseries . [27] Her coronation marks the creation of one of the main treasures of the Romanov dynasty, the Imperial Crown of Russia, designed by Swiss-French court diamond jeweller Jrmie Pauzi. Catherine II[a] (born Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst; 2 May 1729 17 November 1796),[b] most commonly known as Catherine the Great,[c] was the reigning empress of Russia from 1762 to 1796. Rumours of Catherine's private life had a small basis in the fact that she took many young lovers, even in old age. It was obvious to her that Peters hostility had evolved into a determination to end their marriage and remove her from public life., Far from resigning herself to this fate, Catherine bided her time and watched as Peter alienated key factions at court. He was strongly in favour of the adoption of the Austrian three-tier model of trivial, real, and normal schools at the village, town, and provincial capital levels. Catherines failure to abolish feudalism is often cited as justification for characterizing her as a hypocritical, albeit enlightened, despot. Her Swedish cousin (once removed), King Gustav IV Adolf, visited her in September 1796, the empress's intention being that her granddaughter Alexandra should become queen of Sweden by marriage.
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