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The theory of the politics of presence (Phillips 1995) provides reasons for expecting a link between descriptive and substantive representation. Bone conduction headphones have many pros, including no ear wax build-up or infections, and they can be helpful for people with tinnitus. Lovenduski, J. It might be helpful to take a longer-term perspective here: rather than focusing on the absence of particular (small) groups in society in any given legislature, focus on persistent exclusion over several legislatures. The epistemic conception of deliberative democracy defended. Congress is also overwhelmingly Christian. Mart, J. L. (2006). In the face of the modern impatience with pages (or even paragraphs) of descriptive narrative, its easy for writers to overreact and decide to avoid description altogether. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Holst, C. (2010). Pitkin, H. F. (1972). We may share your site usage data with our social media, advertising, and analytics partners for these reasons. 1. Representatives. In this contribution we distinguish the substantive and the descriptive approach of representation. List of the Pros of Experimental Research 1. The contention is that such similarity in success prospects requires social and economic redistribution and not only anti-discrimination and equal treatment (what Rawls refers to as formal equal opportunities). Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Her work has appeared on various digital properties, including USAToday.com. Some of the most important are listed below. Race itself was never something I viewed another, in the way women are portrayed in modern culture and society. Norris, P., & Franklin, M. (1997). (2001). Proportional representation (PR) is an electoral system that tries to create a representative body that better reflects all of the citizens' interests in an electorate or voting district. On the benefit side, intersectionality, welfare state and democratization seem to deliver several of the same goods as descriptive representation, raising the question of whether descriptive representation is at all recommendable, given what we know of its costliness. In B. Grofman et al. Descriptive representation is a way of thinking about representation in which it is thought to be important that representatives have the same racial, gender, ethnic, religious, or educational backgrounds as their constituents. Reliance on analytical thinki ng. Previous Figure Next Figure. The maximization use of an executive law-making body is the crucial advantage that representative democracy can offer. in or register, ), Deliberative democracy and its discontents. Subject materials can be evaluated with greater detail. Discrimination has not fallen short in any way and continues to build barriers for many people of color. Weak coalition government: Proportional representation results in a weak and indecisive coalition government since every party wants to act in their best interest or get their own way with things. There are many time restrictions that are placed on research methods. View the institutional accounts that are providing access. 3. The Effects of Descriptive Representation on Interpersonal Relations. that is one example, One of their most vital discoveries was that distinction in wrongdoing rates crosswise over territories did not change with changes in the populace yet remained steady crosswise over time. Being a high school student I never payed much attention to anything outside of sports, academics and what crazy adventure me and my friends would be sucked into the upcoming weekend. It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators. (Eds.). Patsy Mink (a), a Japanese American from Hawaii, was the first Asian American woman elected to the House of Representatives. Return to Figure. Conclusion. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. (2005). This is the case for women who remain numerically under-represented in legislatures around the world, but also ethnic minority groups, and other minorities. Representation is crucial for democracy: good representation helps to increase re-sponsiveness, foster electoral turnout, increase political interest and include minori-ties. Pros are listed as arguments in favor of making a particular decision or action. Research Fellowship Program Other Program and Initiatives 4. tees, and voters weigh the pros and cons of descriptive representation, this analysis argues for attention to the specific historical contexts that make descrip-tive representation most useful. Equal opportunity and equal social outcome. In descriptive representation, representatives have similar backgrounds (gender, race, religion, etc.) It may not be until one is pursing their final years of high school, or perhaps even in college when they are aware of Americas history of possessing a highly restrictive political system. Descriptive representation occurs when elected politicians are typical of the larger class of persons that they represent, such that blacks represent blacks, disabled people represent disabled people and so on. Today, EMILYs List, a PAC founded in 1985 to help elect pro-choice Democratic women to office, plays a major role in fundraising for female candidates. In contexts of group mistrust and uncrystallized interests, the better communication and experiential Like all different types of research, descriptive research has both advantages and disadvantages. We would say that a black constituent is descriptively represented when she has a black member of Congress, regardless of whether that member of Congress . The second pro argument says that descriptive representation contributes exactly on this point, as far as social and cultural research show not only that people with significant descriptive characteristics may have overlapping experiences and interests shaping political preferences, but also that they communicate better among themselvesthe communication It makes things easier for extreme parties to gain representation. 2. With descriptive representation, decision makers will be more diverse and may therefore be more likely to listen to the input of more diverse citizens, to give and receive from them the kind of information that is relevant to their concerns, and to respond to their expressed needs (Broockman, 2013). Clem Morfuni Companies House, 914, Excellenica, Lodha Supremus-2, (2004). 1938). The actual empirical variation and the detailed characteristics of state feminism around the globe are different matters and not the topic of this chapter. 3. Representation: It ensures all the interests and views of the public are represented in the government. This research could include the information on the raw numbers of people who buy the product, the demographics of the end user and the focus groups that ask for consumer feedback on the product. Undocumented Youth and Collective Representation in the U.S. Congress, Good Practices of Indigenous Political Participation: Maori Participation in New Zealand Elective Bodies, Race, Bureaucracy, and Symbolic Representation: Interactions Between Citizens and Police, Conditioning Descriptive Representation: Institutional Moderation of Unique Group Perspectives in Legislative Debates, Political Participation of Australian Muslims, Minority Representation, Empowerment, and Participation, Morals or money? Mansbridge, J. Holst, C. (2014). Predictive analytics determines the potential outcomes of present and past actions and trends. These are part of business analytics, which extract value from your business data. The 114th Congress, which began in January 2015, had a historically large percentage of racial and ethnic minorities. Pros. Nussbaum, M. (1999). Palgrave Macmillan, London. The collection of data is quick and easy to conduct, especially when doing surveys. Stella M. Rouse is assistant professor of government and politics at University of MarylandCollege Park. Mink had been interested in fighting discrimination in education since her youth, when she opposed racial segregation in campus housing while a student at the University of Nebraska. Rawls, J. Because of such instances, today, many political representatives attempt to practice descriptive representation which promotes racial unity. Lovenduski, J. The pros: Its the best way to collect data without bias. Explaining Preferences about Descriptive Representation, When politics is not just a man's game: Women's representation and political engagement, Womens Political Representation: A Review, Partisanship, Structure and Representation: The Puzzle of African American Education Politics, Falling Behind, Keeping Up, or Getting Ahead: Ethnic Candidates and the Competition for non-Western Origin Voters in the West, Levelling the playing field: Monitoring Croatian policies to promote gender equality in politics, Can Deliberative Minipublics Address the Cognitive Challenges of Democratic Citizenship, Parity/Disparity: Electoral Gender Inequality on the Tightrope of Liberal Constitutional Traditions, INTERSECTIONAL PRESENTATIONS: An Exploratory Study of Minority Congresswomen's Websites' Biographies, Ethnocultural Voting? Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Estlund, D. (2008). However, they no longer go gentle into that goodnight. This is the case for women who remain numerically under-represented in legislatures around the world, but also ethnic minority groups, and other minorities. Moreover, to date, few minority legislators have been elected from districts that do not contain a high percentage of minority constituents. Register or login to make commenting easier. The advantages of using tables and graphs to organize data include easy visualization of statistics, poignant descriptions of data, the provision of a summary of the overall work and the interest people show to graphics over words, according to Texas A&M University. View your signed in personal account and access account management features. Qualitative research, such as surveys and interviews, make information relatable to the reader. It could be argued that PR delivers fairer treatment of minority parties and independent candidates. 7. (2012). View all access and purchase options for this article. ), Has liberalism failed women? 1. For example, if you are a representative for an ad agency, you may conduct research to find out consumer opinion on a certain product. Political liberalism. Plantenga, J., Remery, C., Figueiredo, H., & Smith, M. (2009). Even though the movie broke some barriers, Disney and other film companies still have more progress to make to adequately represent their viewers. Although the federal government of the United States is said to strive to construct a homogeneous nation when it comes to equal rights and opportunities for its citizens in different states and cities, there have been numerous historical occurrences that demonstrate opposing aims. 2. London: Sage. 1. In Y. Galligan (Ed. Apart from it, if you've collected data on multiple variables, you can use the Bivariate or Multivariate descriptive statistics to study . Discover the world's research Under the system of proportional representation, any party with a high enough percentage of the vote will receive a seat in the government. PROS Better understanding Easy sharing of information Accurate analysis Sales analysis Finding relations between events Modification of data Exploring opportunities and trends Geographical visualization CONS It gives estimation not accuracy Biased Lack of assistance Improper design issue Wrong focused people can skip core messages Princeton: Princeton University Press. Descriptive research does not rely on only one type of data; it relies on both quantitative and qualitative Relatable. Prescriptive and descriptive theorists differ on their approach to instruction. While skeptics argue that the switch to MMP will evoke havoc and mark the end of a decisive government, the pros of proportional representation outweigh the cons. Additionally, how much does the ethnic composition of a district affect the chances that a Latino candidate will be elected in a given district? While Congress is dominantly a male, white institution, the creation of majority-minority districts in the early 1990s resulted in the election of African-Americans and Hispanics to Congress. Another argument in favor of descriptive research is that once information is assembled, there are many ways to apply it. that: The most affecting descriptive writing results from an author's providing not a linguistic blueprint of a library but the raw material (the air tinged with the scent of old pages, the shafts of dusty light through the window slats, the whispers, like trickling water, of the librarians behind the oval reference desk) from which the reader can erect her own library. Descriptive Representation Descriptive representation refers to the election of racial and ethnic minor-ity members to policymaking bodies (Pitkin 1967). If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institutions website, please contact your librarian or administrator. Profiles: Google Scholar, Dataverse, OSF, R-Forge, Mastodon, YouTube, Libra.unine.ch, (Figshare), (SSRN), (Kudos). In the wake of the Civil Rights Movement, African American representatives also began to enter Congress in increasing numbers. The descriptive evaluation was proposed as opposed to traditional method of evaluation and it is based on new strategies for facing the government's challenges. Descriptive statistics for the importance of the pros and cons, knowledge, and the percent of time participants used KICs. This is the conceptual view of the end product, whatever the owner can think about relative to its use. Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. Cambridge: Polity Press. Kymlicka, W. (1993). Legal harmonization and intersectionality in Swedish and Norwegian anti-discrimination reform. For example, you work for a television station and want to understand your viewers better. When on the institution site, please use the credentials provided by your institution. Four of those types include tables, bar graphs, line graphs and pie charts. Furthermore, women in the profession of politics often express a lack of interest in running for office and they are often subjected to the effect of career ceilings. Or at least, that's one theory. Would perfect mobility be perfect? Second, this same information reveals to us when somebody is strange, or something improper is going on. Acceptability: Such a report is acceptable to busy persons because it easily highlights the theme of the report. New York: Verso. Aldershot: Ashgate. Should representatives be typical of their constituents? Descriptive Representation and Intergroup Relations in Comparative Perspective. Economics and Philosophy, 11, 2556. This advantage makes it possible to determine if outcomes are viable. 1992 also saw the rise of an increased participation of women in Congress, particularly Democratic women, and this number has increased steadily over the years. Multicultural citizenship. Conducting a thorough survey relies on two things: willing participants and accurate data. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser.